THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: I. SURVEY OF FUNGI AND ACTINOMYCETES FOR PROTEASE PRODUCTION IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (6) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dion
Keyword(s):  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Gliocladium Roseum ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
High Yields

Of 289 fungi and actinomycetes tested, only 20 were found to produce high yields of proteolytic enzymes when grown in submerged culture. Strains of Gliocladium roseum and Alternaria tenuis were found to be consistently proteolytic, and other good strains were also found in the genera Chaetomium, Sordaria, Epicoccum, Rhizoctonia, and Streptomyces.

THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEASES IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (6) ◽  
pp. 586-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dion
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
High Yields

The main factors that influence the production of proteolytic enzymes by a few selected cultures have been studied. The time taken to reach the maximum yield of proteases is dependent upon the growth rate of each organism, and varies from two to five days. The fungi tested require the presence of an easily available carbohydrate source in addition to a protein substrate in order to produce high yields of proteolytic enzymes. The Streptomyces cultures will produce proteases in the absence of a carbohydrate source, but yields are generally low. The fungi studied will not produce significant amounts of proteases when grown on predominately inorganic nitrogen sources in contrast with the Streptomyces cultures, one of which produced almost as high yields of proteolytic enzymes when grown with sodium nitrate as when grown with Klim. Of a number of protein sources Klim and malt sprouts provided the best media for protease production. The temperature of incubation and pH of the culture medium are also important factors affecting the yield of proteolytic enzymes.

THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: V. EXTRACELLULAR PEPTIDASES PRODUCED BY FUNGI GROWN IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell ◽  
E. Y. Spencer ◽  
J. A. Trew
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Gliocladium Roseum ◽  
Rapid Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Extracellular Peptidases ◽  
Dipeptidase Activity

The culture media from selected fungi grown in submerged culture have been shown to contain enzymes capable of hydrolyzing some synthetic dipeptides and their derivatives. Readily measurable amounts of aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and dipeptidase activity were found, and differences between the systems elaborated by different organisms were observed. The most rapid hydrolysis of N-cbzo-α-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid (I) and of N-cbzo-α-L-glutamyl-DL-alanine (II) by Gliocladium roseum PRL 86 occurred at pH 4.8 to 4.9. I was hydrolyzed most rapidly by Alternariatenuis PRL 369 at pH 4.7. The activation energies for the hydrolysis of I by PRL 369 and of II by PRL 86 were found to be 11,000 and 15,000 calories per mole, respectively. The activation energy for the hydrolysis of I by PRL 86 was estimated as being between 10,000 and 13,000 calories per mole.

THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: III. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEASES PRODUCED IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (6) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Rapid Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Some of the general characteristics of the proteases liberated into the culture medium by molds and actinomycetes grown in submerged culture have been studied. Species of Alternaria, Streptomyces, Mortierella, and Gliocladium were used. The enzymes resemble trypsin in that they are most active at a pH slightly above 7 and are inhibited by a preparation of egg albumin. They are stable at low temperatures but suffer marked losses in activity when stored for 16 hr. above 40 °C. The most rapid hydrolysis of gelatin occurs at temperatures between 40 °C. and 50 °C. The enzymes from different organisms show definite differences with respect to their ability to attack different proteins, gelatin and casein being in general the most readily digested. The protease systems from different organisms also vary with respect to the extent to which they can digest gelatin; some enzymes are able to release about three times as many amino groups from gelatin as others. The limit of the hydrolysis is not dependent upon substrate concentration but is slightly affected by the concentration of enzyme. The enzymes were effective in liberating free amino acids from gelatin.

scholarly journals Canola Cake as a Potential Substrate for Proteolytic Enzymes Production by a Selected Strain of Aspergillus oryzae: Selection of Process Conditions and Product Characterization

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana C. Freitas ◽  
Ruann J. S. Castro ◽  
Maria A. Fontenele ◽  
Antonio S. Egito ◽  
Cristiane S. Farinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Enzymatic Extract ◽  
Technological Advances

Oil cakes have excellent nutritional value and offer considerable potential for use in biotechnological processes that employ solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of high value products. This work evaluates the feasibility of using canola cake as a substrate for protease production by a selected strain of Aspergillus oryzae cultivated under SSF. The influences of the following process parameters were considered: initial substrate moisture content, incubation temperature, inoculum size, and pH of the buffer used for protease extraction and activity analysis. Maximum protease activity was obtained after cultivating Aspergillus oryzae CCBP 001 at 20°C, using an inoculum size of 107 spores/g in canola cake medium moistened with 40 mL of water to 100 g of cake. Cultivation and extraction under selected conditions increased protease activity 5.8-fold, compared to the initial conditions. Zymogram analysis of the enzymatic extract showed that the protease molecular weights varied between 31 and 200 kDa. The concentrated protease extract induced clotting of casein in 5 min. The results demonstrate the potential application of canola cake for protease production under SSF and contribute to the technological advances needed to increase the efficiency of processes designed to add value to agroindustrial wastes.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of Proteolytic bacteria in the leather and detergent industry isolated waste from the Modjo tannery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayachew Desalegn ◽  
◽  
Ketema Bacha ◽  
Mesfin Tafesse ◽  
Chandran Masi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Alkaline Proteases ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Protease Enzyme

Protease also called proteinase or peptidase is a digestive enzyme that is categorized under proteolytic enzymes and it has great potential in industrial application. Extracellular proteases are used in a variety of industries because they exhibit practically all of the characteristics needed for biotech applications such as detergent, bioremediation, food, and leather processing. In the synthesis of all three major types of acidic, neutral, and alkaline proteases, microbial sources have dominated an unbeatable area. Alkaline proteases are a large group of industrial enzymes formed by a wide variety of species, including animals, fungi, and bacteria. The fermentation method serves to make bacteria, fungi, and yeast alkaline proteases. Proteases are produced in large quantities by Gram-positive bacteria, especially those belonging to the Bacillus genus. Following standard procedures, the bacterial isolates PMOJ-01 and PMOJ-05 with the prominent zone of clearance and efficient enzyme development were further characterized to the genus level. Moreover, the growth conditions for the highest protease production were optimized with different pH, temperatures, and NaCl concentrations, in the results of PMOJ-01 and PMOJ- 05 pH (7 and 8), temperatures 45oC, and 1% NaCl concentrations both cases respectively. The proteases activities from PMOJ-01, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and PMOJ-05, Bacillus subtilis were most active at pH 7.0 and pH 8.0 and temperature at 35oC and 45oC, respectively. The enzyme activity and the total solid protease sample of the crude enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were 0.299 U/ mL and 0.289 U/ mL, 1.37±0.14 U/mg, and 1.199 U/mg respectively. The effect on dehairing, distaining, and scum removal revealed that the purified protease enzyme of PMOJ-01 and PMOJ-05 can be used in detergent and leather industries.

scholarly journals Optimization Conditions of Extracellular Proteases Production from a Newly IsolatedStreptomyces PseudogrisiolusNRC-15

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 949-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Sayed E. Mostafa ◽  
Moataza M. Saad ◽  
Hassan M. Awad ◽  
Mohsen H. Selim ◽  
Helmy M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Initial Ph

Microbial protease represents the most important industrial enzymes, which have an active role in biotechnological processes. The objective of this study was to isolate new strain ofStreptomycesthat produce proteolytic enzymes with novel properties and the development of the low-cost medium. An alkaline protease producer strain NRC-15 was isolated from Egyptian soil sample. The cultural, morphological, physiological characters and chemotaxonomic evidence strongly indicated that the NRC-15 strain represents a novel species of the genusStreptomyces, hence the nameStrptomyces pseudogrisiolusNRC-15. The culture conditions for higher protease production by NRC-15 were optimized with respect to carbon and nitrogen sources, metal ions, pH and temperature. Maximum protease production was obtained in the medium supplemented with 1% glucose, 1% yeast extract, 6% NaCl and 100 μmol/L of Tween 20, initial pH 9.0 at 50 °C for 96 h. The current results confirm that for this strain, a great ability to produce alkaline proteases, which supports the use of applications in industry.

scholarly journals Actividad enzimática de proteasas de Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) extraídas de una laguna contaminada en México

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arisaí Hernández-Sámano ◽  
Xochitl Guzmán-García ◽  
Raquel García-Barrientos ◽  
Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Alkaline Ph

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an aquatic organism of commercial value able to survive in polluted environments; carps contain proteolytic enzymes of physiological importance and potential industrial application. The objective of this work was partially purify and study the proteolytic activity at different pH of carp proteases living in a polluted environment. Three carps were captured in different zones of Zumpango polluted lagoon (Mexico) at 1 m of maximum deep. Protease crude extracts were obtained from dorsal muscle by aqueous extraction and fractionated by 20 %, 50 %, 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4. Fractions extracted with 50 % and 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4 were selected for their high proteolytic activity and concentrated by ultrafiltration through 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff membranes and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The crude proteolytic extract had significantly higher activity (19.7 - 20.3 U / mg) at pH 2, 5, and 7 (P < 0.001). Fractions obtained with 20 %, 50 % and 80 % - saturated (NH4)2SO4 showed peak activity at pH 5 (2.8 U / mg) and pH 6 (2.2 U / mg); pH 6 (4.3 U / mg) and pH 3 - 4 (3.6 - 3.7 U / mg); pH 3 (10.8 U / mg) and pH 10 (10.6 U / mg); respectively. Subfractions of < 100 kDa, obtained with 50 % and 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4, had peak proteolytic activity at alkaline pH. A < 100 kDa fraction, obtained with 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4, had the highest proteolytic activity (37.3 - 43.7 U / mg) at pH 8 - 10, purification factor of 3 and 19.1 % recovery. Thirteen proteins between 9.8 to 104.8 kDa were identified in the crude extract. Peak protein concentration was observed for 31 - 33 and 39 - 41 kDa, suggesting the possibility predominance of serine- and aspartyl- proteases, respectively. We suggest this protease with maximum activity at alkaline pH is related to the adaptation of C. carpio to polluted waters with high pH. Although unsuitable for human consumption, these organisms can be a source of protease production aimed to several uses as in the industry and waste water treatment among others.

Production of a new lysergic acid derivative in submerged culture by a strain of Claviceps paspali Stevens & Hall

1961 ◽  
Vol 155 (958) ◽  
pp. 26-54 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Derivative ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Claviceps Paspali

1. The production of a new lysergic acid derivative, identified as D-lysergic acid α -hydroxyethylamide, in submerged culture and in yields up to 1 mg/ml. and above, by a strain of Claviceps paspali Stevens & Hall is reported; this substance can be converted in high yields into D-lysergic acid amide. 2. The morphological properties of this strain under different culture conditions are examined and it is shown that it grows in a form resembling natural sclerotia. 3. The biochemical culture conditions for the production of the new lysergic acid derivative in shake flasks and in stirred fermenters, the course of the fermentation, the methods for the isolation and purification of the substance and its transformation products and some of its chemical and physical properties are described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document