THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEASES IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (6) ◽  
pp. 586-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dion
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
High Yields

The main factors that influence the production of proteolytic enzymes by a few selected cultures have been studied. The time taken to reach the maximum yield of proteases is dependent upon the growth rate of each organism, and varies from two to five days. The fungi tested require the presence of an easily available carbohydrate source in addition to a protein substrate in order to produce high yields of proteolytic enzymes. The Streptomyces cultures will produce proteases in the absence of a carbohydrate source, but yields are generally low. The fungi studied will not produce significant amounts of proteases when grown on predominately inorganic nitrogen sources in contrast with the Streptomyces cultures, one of which produced almost as high yields of proteolytic enzymes when grown with sodium nitrate as when grown with Klim. Of a number of protein sources Klim and malt sprouts provided the best media for protease production. The temperature of incubation and pH of the culture medium are also important factors affecting the yield of proteolytic enzymes.

Nitrification: an old process, a new concern

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Asparaginase Activity

Some  factors affecting the L-asparaginase activity of E.  aroideae were investigated. Increasing  concentrations of glucose in the culture medium had an inhibiting effect on  the production of L-asparaginase by this microorganism. Buffering of the  culture medium in order to stabilize the pH during growth resulted in a decrease  of the L-asparaginase activity. From the different nitrogen sources examined,  tryptone, proteose peptone nr 2 and nr 3 stimulated the L-asparaginase  production. Toluene treatment of the cells practically destroyed the  L-asparaginase. Acetone dried cells showed an L-asparaginase activity  comparable with the activity of living cells.

scholarly journals Optimization of Process Parameters for Production of Alkaline Protease by OVAT Method Using Isolated Strain Alternaria alternata TUSGF1

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tapasi Polley ◽  
Uma Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Alkaline Protease ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Agitation Rate ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Biochemical Engineering ◽  
Fermentation Time

Aim: The current study aimed at studying the optimum fermentation conditions and nutritional conditions for alkaline protease production by submerge fermentation using Alternaria alternata TUSGF1, isolated from poultry farm soil. Study Design: The results of environmental and nutritional parameters for protease production by OVAT method was analyzed by origin 6.1 software. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India between March 2017 and May 2017. Methodology: A protease producing microorganism was isolated from a poultry farm soil and identified as Alternaria alternata TUSGF1. Various environmental and nutritional process parameters such as volume of medium, fermentation time, temperature, age of inoculums, agitation and carbon sources and nitrogen sources were standardized for the maximum yield of alkaline protease. Results: The optimum conditions of protease activity was 30°C at volume of medium 60 ml with 7 days age of inoculum in the medium containing 168 h of incubation and 120 rpm agitation rate. Peptone, casien, skimmed milk, urea and yeast extract were good nitrogen sources whilst maltose, fructose, starch, and sucrose were appropriate for enzyme production by submerge fermentation. Conclusion: Alkaline protease production by a newly isolated Alternaria alternata TUSGF1 from poultry farm soil was studied in shake flask conditions by submerge fermentation. It was established that the optimum protease production was recorded at 30°C, 60 ml volume of medium leaves and incubation time of 168 h. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for protease production were fructose and casein, respectively.

Optimization and Purifi cation of L-Asparaginase Produced by Streptomyces tendae TK-VL_333

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 528-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alapati Kavitha ◽  
Muvva Vijayalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Laterite Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Streptomyces Tendae

Cultural factors affecting the production of L-asparaginase by Streptomyces tendae isolated from laterite soil samples of Guntur region were investigated on glycerolasparagine- salts (modified ISP-5) broth. Optimal yields of L-asparaginase were recorded in the culture medium with the initial pH 7.0 incubated at 30 °C for 72 h. The strain utilized sucrose (2%) and yeast (2%) extract as carbon and nitrogen sources for L-asparaginase production. The productivity of L-asparaginase was slightly enhanced when the strain was treated with cell-disrupting agents like EDTA. The crude enzyme was purifi ed to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-100 and CM-Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. By employing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the molecular weight of the enzyme was recorded as 97.4 kDa. This is the first report on production and purification of L-asparaginase from S. tendae.

scholarly journals Optimization Conditions of Extracellular Proteases Production from a Newly IsolatedStreptomyces PseudogrisiolusNRC-15

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 949-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Sayed E. Mostafa ◽  
Moataza M. Saad ◽  
Hassan M. Awad ◽  
Mohsen H. Selim ◽  
Helmy M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Initial Ph

Microbial protease represents the most important industrial enzymes, which have an active role in biotechnological processes. The objective of this study was to isolate new strain ofStreptomycesthat produce proteolytic enzymes with novel properties and the development of the low-cost medium. An alkaline protease producer strain NRC-15 was isolated from Egyptian soil sample. The cultural, morphological, physiological characters and chemotaxonomic evidence strongly indicated that the NRC-15 strain represents a novel species of the genusStreptomyces, hence the nameStrptomyces pseudogrisiolusNRC-15. The culture conditions for higher protease production by NRC-15 were optimized with respect to carbon and nitrogen sources, metal ions, pH and temperature. Maximum protease production was obtained in the medium supplemented with 1% glucose, 1% yeast extract, 6% NaCl and 100 μmol/L of Tween 20, initial pH 9.0 at 50 °C for 96 h. The current results confirm that for this strain, a great ability to produce alkaline proteases, which supports the use of applications in industry.

Factors Affecting Protease Production by Bacillus stearothermophilus RM-67

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1020-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. CHOPRA ◽  
D. K. MATHUR
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Salt Medium ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rotary Shaker

Amongst the nitrogen sources, tryptone and yeast extract at 0.5% and 0.15% level, respectively, caused maximum enzyme production by Bacillus stearothermophilus RM-67. Addition of sodium chloride (0.5%) to the basal medium enhanced the enzyme production by 63%. Various sugars incorporated into the standardized basal medium proved inhibitory to enzyme elaboration. Maximum enzyme production was observed in the early decline growth phase of the organism in tryptone-yeast extract-salt medium (pH 6.5) when inoculated at 4% level and incubated on a rotary shaker at 55°C for 8 h and subsequently at 45°C up to 24 h.

STUDIES ON CARBON AND NITROGEN SOUCES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES BY SUBMERGED CULTURE OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Shu ◽  
A. C. Blackwood
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Amylolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Limit Dextrinase

Aspergillus niger PRL 558 was used in the production of starch saccharifying enzymes. The culture was grown on 100 ml. of medium in 500 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks agitated and aerated on a rotary shaker at 35° C. Quantitative analyses for amylase, maltase, and limit dextrinase were determined on the culture filtrates. Variations in the specific type of carbohydrate source affected the yield of amylase markedly, and of maltase to a lesser extent. The production of limit dextrinase is the least dependent on the carbohydrate source. Maltose or compounds constituted of maltose units are essential for producing a maximum yield of amylase. The yields of the enzymes are related to the degree of the availability of the nitrogen source. Highest enzyme yields are obtained with hydrolyzed protein. However, the production of amylase and maltase is further stimulated by adding inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate as a supplementary nitrogen source. The amounts of maltase and amylase obtained are controlled also by varying the fermentation time as well as the carbohudrate and protein content of the medium.

scholarly journals Protease Production from UV Mutated Bacillus subtilis

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Sher ◽  
M Nadeem ◽  
Q Syed ◽  
M Irfan ◽  
S Baig
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Protease Enzyme ◽  
Uv Mutation

UV mutation of the strain has significant contributation to enhance the yield of protease enzyme from Bacillus subtilis bacteria under the  cultivation conditions in submerged fermentation. The fermentation medium used for the production of protease composed of carbon  sources 1%, organic 1% or inorganic nitrogen sources 0.5% , K2HPO4 0.2 %, CaCl2 0.04% and MgSO4 0.02 % by mutated Bacillus subtilis  G-4 under the optimum parameters which are important to induce the mutated strain to produce high units of the protease, which were  temperature 37.5°C, pH 9, inoculum size 3 % v/v, glucose 1% as carbon source and peptone 1% as nitrogen source were give the maximum  455.25 + 1.66 units of protease. The results of stability studies revealed that protease of B. subtilis G-4 was stable over a broad range  of temperature (30 to 60°C) and pH (8 to 12). However, maximum activity (155.45U/ml) was observed at temperature 50°C and pH 10.  These characteristics render its potential use in detergent industries for detergent formulation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i1.10725 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(1), 69-76, 2012

THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: I. SURVEY OF FUNGI AND ACTINOMYCETES FOR PROTEASE PRODUCTION IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (6) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dion
Keyword(s):  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Gliocladium Roseum ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
High Yields

Of 289 fungi and actinomycetes tested, only 20 were found to produce high yields of proteolytic enzymes when grown in submerged culture. Strains of Gliocladium roseum and Alternaria tenuis were found to be consistently proteolytic, and other good strains were also found in the genera Chaetomium, Sordaria, Epicoccum, Rhizoctonia, and Streptomyces.

Recent Rapid Climate Changes in Antarctic and their Influence on Low Diversity Ecosystems

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna J. Chwedorzewska
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Temperature Water

ABSTRACTThe geographic position, astronomic factors (e.g. the Earth’s maximum distance from the Sun during winter), ice cover and altitude are the main factors affecting the climate of the Antarctic, which is the coldest place on Earth. Parts of Antarctica are facing the most rapid rates of anthropogenic climate change currently seen on the planet. Climate changes are occurring throughout Antarctica, affecting three major groups of environmental variables of considerable biological significance: temperature, water, UV-B radiation.Low diversity ecosystems are expected to be more vulnerable to global changes than high diversity ecosystems

Pitting Corrosion of Biomedical Titanium and Titanium Alloys: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Wei Cui ◽  
Liang-Yu Chen ◽  
Xin-Xin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ti Alloys ◽  
Pitting Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Main Factors

Abstract:: Thanks to their excellent corrosion resistance, superior mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are extensively applied in biomedical fields. Pitting corrosion is a critical consideration for the reliability of Ti and Ti alloys used in the human body. Therefore, this article focuses on the pitting corrosion of Ti and Ti alloys, which introduces the growth stages of pitting corrosion and its main influencing factors. Three stages, i.e. (1) breakdown of passive film, (1) metastable pitting, and (3) propagation of pitting, are roughly divided to introduce the pitting corrosion. As reviewed, corrosive environment, applied potential, temperature and alloy compositions are the main factors affecting the pitting corrosion of Ti and Ti alloys. Moreover, the pitting corrosion of different types Ti alloys are also reviewed to correlate the types of Ti alloys and the main factors of pitting corrosion. Roughly speaking, β-type Ti alloys have the best pitting corrosion resistance among the three types of Ti alloys.

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