Rumen–reticulum characteristics, scaling relationships, and ontogeny in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1351-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Luna ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
F.W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
A Minor

Scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity are valuable to predicting digestive efficiency. Interspecific scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity have consistently estimated a slope of 1.0; however, intraspecific scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity have been highly variable. We examined the influence of demands of growth and production on scaling relationships of body mass and rumen–reticulum characteristics in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) because little is known about how juvenile and subadult ruminants accommodate increased digesta masses. We sampled 108 animals over a 2-year period and assessed the influence of body mass, time of kill, crude protein (%), and acid detergent fiber (%) in the rumen, lactation, sex, and back fat on rumen–reticulum organ mass, rumen–reticulum capacity, wet mass of the digesta, and the dry mass of the digesta. Juvenile and subadult white-tailed deer had rumen–reticulum organ masses, capacity, and digesta masses that were similar to adults because body mass and rumen–reticulum scaling relationships all had scalars similar to 1.0. Thus, under the confines of our study, ontogeny plays only a minor role in the physiological characteristics of the rumen–reticulum and the scaling relationships of body mass and rumen–reticulum capacity.

Daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from south Texas

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R.E. Aiken ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
R.S. Luna ◽  
D.M. Wolcott ◽  
F.W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding rumen–reticulum fill dynamics gives us insight into how environmental conditions influence animal behaviors that affect when animals access forage. We examined whether there were daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill in response to high ambient temperatures in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) on a diurnal scale. We hypothesized that to reduce heat-producing digestive processes in the heat of the day, rumen–reticulum fill and digestion in the rumen–reticulum would decline throughout the day. We collected the rumina and reticula of adult males and females across 30 h in two autumns in south Texas, USA. We also measured dry digesta mass, organ mass, and crude protein and acid detergent fiber concentrations of rumen–reticulum contents. In males, dry digesta mass declined throughout the day and crude protein concentrations were greatest when wet digesta and organ mass were the largest. Additionally, declines in dry digesta and wet digesta mass coincided with declines in crude protein concentrations and organ mass. Females did not display declines in rumen–reticulum fill (wet mass). Females were probably less vulnerable to heat than males because of their smaller body size. Male white-tailed deer foraged primarily during the cooler nights to reduce foraging and digestion during the heat of the day.

Population dynamics, growth, and production of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in a blackwater river

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Stites ◽  
Arthur C. Benke ◽  
David M. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Corbicula Fluminea ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Asiatic Clam ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Blackwater River ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Clam Corbicula ◽  
A Minor

In a sixth-order blackwater river (Lower Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA), the average life span of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) was 3–4 years, with shell length reaching only 18–20 mm by the third year. Mean density was usually < 200/m2 over a 43-month period, but > 1000/m2 in population centers. Mean biomass (dry mass of soft tissue) was consistently 1–5 g/m2, but averaged 11 g/m2 in population centers. Biomass growth rates of clams reared in situ were highest in late spring and were inversely related to clam mass. Production ranged from 0.18 g∙m−2∙year−1 at a main-channel site to 3.2 in a backwater and averaged 1.2–1.7 for 2 consecutive years. In population centers, production reached 9–23 g∙m−2∙year−1. Production was highest in spring and fell to zero in winter when growth ceased. Annual production/biomass values were about 4–8 for first-year individuals, but ranged from 0.51 to 1.78 overall. Individual size, growth rates, and production all indicated that this blackwater river was a stressful environment for Corbicula, probably due to low alkalinity (< 30 mg/L as CaCO3). Unlike its effect in many other systems, the clam appears to play a minor role in the trophic dynamics of this river.

scholarly journals Influence of Body Size on Dietary Nutrition of White-Tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S. Luna ◽  
Adam Duarte ◽  
Floyd W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Habitat Differences

Abstract Intraspecific competition is one of the major factors that can have an effect on the resources utilized within a habitat. Differences in diet quality of selected forage have been noted in size-dimorphic ungulates. However, on an intraspecific basis, data demonstrating a body size influence on diet quality are lacking. We examined diet quality across a range of body masses (14–76 kg) in white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (n  =  108) in a 2,628-ha enclosure at Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Kerr County, Texas, USA. The quality of the diet consumed was determined by crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber content of digesta in the rumen–reticulum. Results indicated that in relation to body mass, the ratio of crude protein to acid detergent fiber was greater for smaller bodied white-tailed deer. By consuming a diet higher in crude protein than did large bodied individuals, small-bodied individuals should meet their high mass-specific metabolic demands more efficiently. Furthermore, selective foraging by different-sized individuals might also reduce intraspecific competition. Information presented herein is relevant to wildlife managers in that by increasing available high-quality forage, small-bodied individuals will more efficiently meet their metabolic demands, which could have ramifications on recruitment within that population.

Heavier rumen–reticulum organs in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is consistent with dietary bulk not quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 748-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Weckerly ◽  
G. Bhaskar ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
R.S. Luna ◽  
H.D. Starns
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Pelleted Diet

The organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract have high energy demands. Therefore, when these organs vary in mass, they should impact metabolic requirements. Mass of the rumen–reticulum organs, the organs that comprise the largest part of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, might vary from bulk or nutrient availability of the diet. We examined differences in mass of the rumen–reticulum organs in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) from two sites in Texas, USA, with different diet types. Specifically, at one site deer were fed a pelleted ration and at the other site deer consumed a natural browse diet. Accounting for body mass, deer consuming the browse diet had rumen–reticulum organ masses that were about 1.7 times heavier than deer consuming the pelleted diet. Deer consuming the browse diet also had lower diet quality, as indexed by crude protein concentration, than deer consuming the pelleted diet. The digesta loads of deer, however, were similar for the two types of diet. Our study findings are consistent with increased mass of rumen–reticulum organs from greater bulk, not diet quality. Understanding variation in rumen–reticulum organ mass has implications for understanding energy conservation in white-tailed deer.

scholarly journals Marandu, Xaraés and Piata Grasses Fertilized With Swine Wastewater Under Greenhouse Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Marinho Rocho da Silva ◽  
Joadil Gonçalves Abreu ◽  
Oscarlina Lucia dos Santos Weber ◽  
Alexandra de Paiva Soares ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Swine Wastewater ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
The City

The management of swine wastewater is of great importance where swine breeding is considerable and can represent an important fertilizer at maintenance of forages. The objective was to identify the Urochloa brizantha cultivar more responsive to fertilization with swine wastewater. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with a 3 &times; 5 factorial scheme and four replications. The treatments consisted of three Urochloa brizantha cultivars (Marandu, Xara&eacute;s and Piat&atilde;) and five swine wastewater doses (0.0; 3.5; 7.0; 10.5 and 14.0 g dm3 pot-1). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the city of Cuiab&aacute;-MT. Three cuts were performed in the aerial part of the plants with intervals of 30 days between them. The application of the swine wastewater, regardless of the cultivar provided an increment in the production of dry mass, plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves and crude protein content, besides reducing the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents. The swine wastewater can be used as an alternative in the fertilization of Urochloa brizantha, because the cultivars were responsive to fertilization.

scholarly journals Cultivation of ruziziensis grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) using swine liquid manure fertilization

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-386
Author(s):  
Marinho Rocho da Silva ◽  
Joadil Gonçalves Abreu ◽  
Oscarlina Lucia dos Santos Weber ◽  
Livia Vieira de Barros ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim- Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of liquid swine manure (LSM) as fertilization in the implantation of Urochloa ruziziensis. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications, with the treatments being four doses of LSM (0; 100; 200 and 300 m3 ha-1) and one dose of mineral fertilization. Seven cuts were carried out uniformly, after which plant height (PH), total dry mass yield (TDMY), crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), macromineral extraction (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and microminerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) of plants were evaluated every 30 days. Mineral fertilization provided higher PH, CP content and extraction of N and S, but lower NDF content. For ADF variable, there was no difference between treatments. The results of dry mass yield (DMY) and extractions of P, K, Ca and Mn showed that the effect of 300 m3 ha-1 LSM was statistically equal to mineral fertilization. For extractions of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu doses of 200 and 300 m3 ha-1 did not differ statistically from mineral fertilization. Among the doses of LSM, there was increasing linear effect, with increases in the variables DMY (30.89%), PH (14.94%), CP (17%), N (53.01%), P (40.79%), K (27.84%), Ca (35.17%), Mg (29.6%), S (47.13%), Fe (31.2%), Zn (31.6%) and Mn (23.04%). For Cu extraction, there was a quadratic effect with the highest extraction in the dose of 26.36 m3, obtaining an increase of 19.94% in relation to treatment without application. It is important to study different LSM dosages to avoid risk of heavy metal toxicity. The LSM is an alternative in place of mineral fertilization for Urochloa ruziziensis grass.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

Produktivkraft als Versprechen

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (185) ◽  
pp. 621-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Siefkes
Keyword(s):  
Private Consumption ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
A Minor

The ‘Fragment on Machines’ from Marx’s Grundrisse is often cited as an argument that the internal forces of capitalism will lead to its doom. But the argument that the progressive reduction of labor must doom capitalism lacks a proper foundation, as a comparison with the ‘Schemes of Reproduction’ given in Capital II shows. The latter, however, aren’t fully convincing either. In reality, more depends on the private consumption of capitalists than either model recognizes. Ultimately, most can be made of the ‘Fragment on Machines’ by reading it not as an exposure of capitalism’s internal contractions, but as a discussion of a possible communist future where labor (or work) will play but a minor role.

Effects of Myo-inositol Alone and in Combination with Seleno-Lmethionine on Cadmium-Induced Testicular Damage in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Benvenga ◽  
Antonio Micali ◽  
Giovanni Pallio ◽  
Roberto Vita ◽  
Consuelo Malta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Testicular Lesions ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses

Background: Cadmium (Cd) impairs gametogenesis and damages the blood-testis barrier. Objective: As the primary mechanism of Cd-induced damage is oxidative stress, the effects of two natural antioxidants, myo-inositol (MI) and seleno-L-methionine (Se), were evaluated in mice testes. Methods: Eighty-four male C57 BL/6J mice were divided into twelve groups: 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1 ml/kg/day i.p.); Se (0.2 mg/kg/day per os); Se (0.4 mg/kg/day per os); MI (360 mg/kg/day per os); MI plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day i.p.) plus vehicle; CdCl2 plus MI; CdCl2 plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); and CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day). After 14 days, testes were processed for biochemical, structural and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: CdCl2 increased iNOS and TNF-α expression and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lowered glutathione (GSH) and testosterone, induced testicular lesions, and almost eliminated claudin-11 immunoreactivity. Se administration at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression, maintained GSH, MDA and testosterone levels, structural changes and low claudin-11 immunoreactivity. MI alone or associated with Se at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression and MDA levels, increased GSH and testosterone levels, ameliorated structural organization and increased claudin-11 patches number. Conclusion: We demonstrated a protective effect of MI, a minor role of Se and an evident positive role of the association between MI and Se on Cd-induced damages of the testis. MI alone or associated with Se might protect testes in subjects exposed to toxicants, at least to those with behavior similar to Cd.

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