Heavier rumen–reticulum organs in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is consistent with dietary bulk not quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 748-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Weckerly ◽  
G. Bhaskar ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
R.S. Luna ◽  
H.D. Starns
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Pelleted Diet

The organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract have high energy demands. Therefore, when these organs vary in mass, they should impact metabolic requirements. Mass of the rumen–reticulum organs, the organs that comprise the largest part of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, might vary from bulk or nutrient availability of the diet. We examined differences in mass of the rumen–reticulum organs in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) from two sites in Texas, USA, with different diet types. Specifically, at one site deer were fed a pelleted ration and at the other site deer consumed a natural browse diet. Accounting for body mass, deer consuming the browse diet had rumen–reticulum organ masses that were about 1.7 times heavier than deer consuming the pelleted diet. Deer consuming the browse diet also had lower diet quality, as indexed by crude protein concentration, than deer consuming the pelleted diet. The digesta loads of deer, however, were similar for the two types of diet. Our study findings are consistent with increased mass of rumen–reticulum organs from greater bulk, not diet quality. Understanding variation in rumen–reticulum organ mass has implications for understanding energy conservation in white-tailed deer.

Rumen–reticulum characteristics, scaling relationships, and ontogeny in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1351-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Luna ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
F.W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
A Minor

Scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity are valuable to predicting digestive efficiency. Interspecific scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity have consistently estimated a slope of 1.0; however, intraspecific scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity have been highly variable. We examined the influence of demands of growth and production on scaling relationships of body mass and rumen–reticulum characteristics in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) because little is known about how juvenile and subadult ruminants accommodate increased digesta masses. We sampled 108 animals over a 2-year period and assessed the influence of body mass, time of kill, crude protein (%), and acid detergent fiber (%) in the rumen, lactation, sex, and back fat on rumen–reticulum organ mass, rumen–reticulum capacity, wet mass of the digesta, and the dry mass of the digesta. Juvenile and subadult white-tailed deer had rumen–reticulum organ masses, capacity, and digesta masses that were similar to adults because body mass and rumen–reticulum scaling relationships all had scalars similar to 1.0. Thus, under the confines of our study, ontogeny plays only a minor role in the physiological characteristics of the rumen–reticulum and the scaling relationships of body mass and rumen–reticulum capacity.

Carcass and meat quality in “iron age” pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
J.D. Wood ◽  
G.R. Nute
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Wild Pig

There is anecdotal evidence that the meat of wild pigs is particularly tasty and their carcasses are lean. However it may be that the nature of the wild existence - high energy demands, low energy diet, unusual ingredients eg acorns and plant roots - is important in conferring these qualities. This Study was done to determine whether semi-wild pigs - the so called “Iron Age” breed - are different from typical modern white pigs (Large Whites) when both are reared on ‘modern’ commercial diets. Tests on carcass composition and meat quality were therefore made.“Iron Age” pigs (IAP) were formed at the Cotswold Farm Park by crossing the European Wild Pig with the Tamworth. Three litters were obtained from 2 sires and 1 female and the progeny reared from about 20 kg on a pelleted diet (13.0 MJDE/kg) fed ad libitum. Slaughter was at approximately 60 kg live weight for the 18 IAP and 6 Large White (LW) pigs (balanced for sex) used in the tasting tests and between 10 and 240 kg for the dissected animals (250 LW, 19 IAP) - these data were then corrected to 65 kg live weight. The LW pigs were from several litters reared on the Institute farm.

Planting date effects on yield and quality of foxtail millet and three annual legumes

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Twidwell ◽  
A. Boe ◽  
K. D. Kephart
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Forage Yields

Annual grasses and legumes offer potential as forages in the northern Great Plains region of the USA during late summer when perennial cool-season grass pastures are unproductive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage yield, in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), and crude protein concentration of four annual species planted in May, June, and July at two South Dakota locations in 1989 and 1990. The species evaluated were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and Siberian foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.). In 1989 cowpea, soybean, and millet produced similar yields at Highmore when planted in May, whereas in 1990 soybean had the highest forage yield of 8.3 t ha−1. Forage yields for the July planting were lower than those of the May planting, except for mungbean grown at Highmore in 1989 where the July planting produced 2.2 t ha−1 more forage than the May planting. Cowpea had significantly greater IVDDM than the other species for all three planting dates at Beresford in 1989, whereas at Highmore IVDDM for cowpea was not greater than that of mungbean for the May and June planting dates. Cowpea had the greatest crude protein concentration for all planting dates at Highmore in 1989, the greatest crude protein concentration for May and June planting dates at Beresford, and similar crude protein concentration to soybean for the July planting date. Millet, with the exception of the May planting at Highmore in 1990, consistently had lower IVDDM and crude protein concentrations than all three legumes each year at each location. The highest soybean forage yields at each location were always obtained from the May plantings. Cowpea forage yields were highest for the May planting at Highmore in 1989 and the June planting in 1990. Since cowpea often had higher forage yields, IVDDM, and crude protein concentrations than the other species it appears to be a viable alternative forage crop for this region.Key words: Annual forage legumes, millet, yield, quality

Variability in grain protein concentration of peas and lentils grown in Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
FL Stoddard ◽  
DR Marshall ◽  
SM Ali
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Variety Trials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

Protein and yield data were obtained from South Australian and Interstate pea and lentil variety trials conducted between 1986 and 1989, covering 94 pea and 58 lentil genotypes. Crude protein concentration varied significantly across sites and averaged 25.0% in peas and 24.4% in lentils. Protein concentration was not significantly correlated with yield at most individual sites. Minimum protein concentration in peas was 1.6% below the mean of three check cultivars in line RA155, while the maximum was 2.3% above that mean in lines P255-2 and P262-1. In lentils the range was 1.2% above the check mean in ILL5562 and 1.0% below in ILL6017. A further lentil genotype, 'Chilean', was 6.0% above controls, but was inadequately replicated in these trials. Genotypic variation in pea and lentil protein concentration was lower than in many other species, but the lack of correlation between protein and yield suggests that independent selection of both characters during breeding is possible and should be successful without the rate of gain in one trait being reduced by that in the other.

scholarly journals Influence of Body Size on Dietary Nutrition of White-Tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S. Luna ◽  
Adam Duarte ◽  
Floyd W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Habitat Differences

Abstract Intraspecific competition is one of the major factors that can have an effect on the resources utilized within a habitat. Differences in diet quality of selected forage have been noted in size-dimorphic ungulates. However, on an intraspecific basis, data demonstrating a body size influence on diet quality are lacking. We examined diet quality across a range of body masses (14–76 kg) in white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (n  =  108) in a 2,628-ha enclosure at Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Kerr County, Texas, USA. The quality of the diet consumed was determined by crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber content of digesta in the rumen–reticulum. Results indicated that in relation to body mass, the ratio of crude protein to acid detergent fiber was greater for smaller bodied white-tailed deer. By consuming a diet higher in crude protein than did large bodied individuals, small-bodied individuals should meet their high mass-specific metabolic demands more efficiently. Furthermore, selective foraging by different-sized individuals might also reduce intraspecific competition. Information presented herein is relevant to wildlife managers in that by increasing available high-quality forage, small-bodied individuals will more efficiently meet their metabolic demands, which could have ramifications on recruitment within that population.

Diet quality affects the cashmere production and liveweight of Western Australian cashmere goats

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Johnson ◽  
SG Gherardi ◽  
S Dhaliwal
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Cashmere Goats ◽  
Western Australian

Young cashmere bucks (n = 113; offspring of mating of domesticated mainland feral does with commercial mainland, Bernier, and Faure Island bucks) were offered a high protein-high energy pelleted diet of lucerne chaff, lupin seed, and barley grain [crude protein, 202 kg; dry matter (DM) solubility, 75.0%] or a low protein-low energy diet of oaten chaff and oat grain (crude protein, 71 kg; DM solubility, 59.6%) ad libitum in groups (n = 4-8) from 14 January to 17 December 1987. Intakes and liveweight gains were measured for January-April, May-July, and August-December. Total fibre and cashmere production (weight, fibre diameter, yield) were recorded at shearing in June, October, and December. Faure bucks produced 34 and 64% more (P<0.05) cashmere on the high, than the low, quality diet at shearings in June and December, respectively; Bernier bucks produced twice as much (P<0.05) cashmere on the high quality diet at the October shearing. Mainland bucks produced similar amounts of cashmere on both diets at each shearing. The fibre produced on the high quality diet had a lower yield of cashmere and the cashmere had a greater diameter at shearings in June (26.0 v. 41.1% w/w, 16.7 v. 15.8 pm; both P<0.001) and December (22.1 v. 27.0% w/w, P<0.05; 16.9 v. 16.4 pm, P<0.01). The cashmere produced by Faure bucks was, on average, 1.0 pm coarser than that of the mainland and Bernier bucks at each shearing. Liveweights of bucks followed a seasonal pattern and increased at a faster rate in January-April and August-December than in May-July. Liveweight gains adjusted for body sizes were greater (P<0.001) for bucks on the high, than the low, quality diet in January-April (2.85 v. 1.71 g/kg LW0.75.day) and, conversely, lower (P<0.05) in August-December (1.49 v. 1.69 g/kg LW0.75.day) . Liveweight gains of all 3 genotypes adjusted for body sizes were markedly lower (P<0.05) in May-July, irrespective of diet (0.75 and 0.55 g/kg LW0.75.day for the high and low quality diet, respectively), with the exception of Bernier bucks on the high quality diet (1.67 g/kg LW0.75.day). The lower liveweight gains were not associated with decreases in the intakes of the diets. These results indicate that diet quality affects cashmere production and growth of Western Australian cashmere goats.

Diet quality and liveweight gain of steers grazing Leucaena - grass pasture estimated with faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (F.NIRS)

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
D. B. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Additional Reference

Three drafts of Bos indicus cross steers (initially 178–216 kg) grazed Leucaena–grass pasture [Leucaena leucocephala subspecies glabrata cv. Cunningham with green panic (Panicum maximum cv. trichoglume)] from late winter through to autumn during three consecutive years in the Burnett region of south-east Queensland. Measured daily weight gain (DWGActual) of the steers was generally 0.7–1.1 kg/day during the summer months. Estimated intakes of metabolisable energy and dry matter (DM) were calculated from feeding standards as the intakes required by the steers to grow at the DWGActual. Diet attributes were predicted from near infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra of faeces (F.NIRS) using established calibration equations appropriate for northern Australian forages. Inclusion of some additional reference samples from cattle consuming Leucaena diets into F.NIRS calibrations based on grass and herbaceous legume–grass pastures improved prediction of the proportion of Leucaena in the diet. Mahalanobis distance values supported the hypothesis that the F.NIRS predictions of diet crude protein concentration and DM digestibility (DMD) were acceptable. F.NIRS indicated that the percentage of Leucaena in the diet varied widely (10–99%). Diet crude protein concentration and DMD were usually high, averaging 12.4 and 62%, respectively, and were related asymptotically to the percentage of Leucaena in the diet (R2 = 0.48 and 0.33, respectively). F.NIRS calibrations for DWG were not satisfactory to predict this variable from an individual faecal sample since the s.e. of prediction were 0.33–0.40 kg/day. Cumulative steer liveweight (LW) predicted from F.NIRS DWG calibrations, which had been previously developed with tropical grass and grass–herbaceous legume pastures, greatly overestimated the measured steer LW; therefore, these calibrations were not useful. Cumulative steer LW predicted from a modified F.NIRS DWG calibration, which included data from the present study, was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.95) with steer LW but overestimated LW by 19–31 kg after 8 months. Additional reference data are needed to develop robust F.NIRS calibrations to encompass the diversity of Leucaena pastures of northern Australia. In conclusion, the experiment demonstrated that F.NIRS could improve understanding of diet quality and nutrient intake of cattle grazing Leucaena–grass pasture, and the relationships between nutrient supply and cattle growth.

scholarly journals Utilization of untreated and formaldhyde treated skimmilk powder and skimmilk powder-barley pellets by ruminants

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä ◽  
Eeva-Liisa Syväoja ◽  
Marjatta Boman
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Pelleted Diet

The utilization of spray-dried fat free milk powder in three different froms 1) untreated, 2) treated with formaldehyde (0.4 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein) and 3) pelleted with barley meal (30 % milk powder and 70 % barley meal) was studied with three rumen-fistulated dairy cows according to a 3 x 3 Latin square. The effects of different treatments were investigated with respect to rumen fermentation, microbial determinations and milk and blood analyses. The basic feed in every diet consisted of hay, grass silage, barley, oats, mineral and vitamin mixtures. Feeding was according to nutrient requirement. In each diet 25 % of the DCP required for milk production was replaced with milk protein. The NH3 concentration in the rumen fluid was lowest on the pelleted diet followed by the formaldehyde treated and untreated skimmilk powder diets, the differences only being significant between the pelleted and untreated diets. The pH values were significantly higher on the pelleted diet than on the other diets. The VFA content of the rumen fluid was similar on the different diets. The total amount of rumen ciliates was highest on the untreated skimmilk powder diet and lowest on the pelleted diet. The quantity of bacteria was however lower on the untreated skimmilk powder diet than on the other diets. Bacteria constituted 72—88 % of the total microbe mass on the different diets. The total microbe mass consisted of the following percentages of rumen content on the different diets: untreated 3.3 %, formaldehyde treated 3.2 % and pelleted diet 2,9 %. No effects on the milk yields and blood contents were found with the different treatments of skimmilk powder. Milk protein-% was significantly higher on the untreated skimmilk powder diet than on the pelleted diet.

Daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from south Texas

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R.E. Aiken ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
R.S. Luna ◽  
D.M. Wolcott ◽  
F.W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding rumen–reticulum fill dynamics gives us insight into how environmental conditions influence animal behaviors that affect when animals access forage. We examined whether there were daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill in response to high ambient temperatures in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) on a diurnal scale. We hypothesized that to reduce heat-producing digestive processes in the heat of the day, rumen–reticulum fill and digestion in the rumen–reticulum would decline throughout the day. We collected the rumina and reticula of adult males and females across 30 h in two autumns in south Texas, USA. We also measured dry digesta mass, organ mass, and crude protein and acid detergent fiber concentrations of rumen–reticulum contents. In males, dry digesta mass declined throughout the day and crude protein concentrations were greatest when wet digesta and organ mass were the largest. Additionally, declines in dry digesta and wet digesta mass coincided with declines in crude protein concentrations and organ mass. Females did not display declines in rumen–reticulum fill (wet mass). Females were probably less vulnerable to heat than males because of their smaller body size. Male white-tailed deer foraged primarily during the cooler nights to reduce foraging and digestion during the heat of the day.

Diet attributes of lactating ewes at pasture using faecal NIRS and relationship to pasture characteristics and milk production

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BOVAL ◽  
E. ORTEGA-JIMENEZ ◽  
A. FANCHONE ◽  
G. ALEXANDRE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYIn order to assess the diet of lactating ewes fed at pasture and the relationship of diet quality to pasture characteristics and milk production (MP), 12 lactating ewes were monitored during five lactation cycles (LCs). Individual faecal samples were collected three times per LC and scanned using a Foss NIRSystem 6500 monochromator. The organic matter digestibility (OMD), organic matter intake (OMI), digestible OMI (DOMI) and the chemical composition of the herbage ingested, i.e. the crude protein (CP) content of the herbage ingested (CPi) and the acid detergent fibre and lignin contents of the herbage ingested (ADFi and ADLi), were determined. The MP of the ewes and the pasture characteristics were measured and their relationships with diet quality were analysed.OMI and DOMI were higher during the first and the fourth LC (P<0·01). OMD and CPi were higher during the second and the fifth LC (P<0·01). MP varied with OMI (P<0·01) and with DOMI (MP=0·1362×DOMI0·53, R2=0·40, P<0·001), whereas it was negatively correlated with OMD (r=−0·46, P<0·001). OMD and CPi were both positively correlated with the CP content of the pasture (r=0·25, P<0·03; r=0·50, P<0·001), whereas the ADFi was negatively correlated with CP content (r=−0·48, P<0·01). The variation in OMI, DOMI and MP, on the one hand, and OMD and CPi, on the other, throughout the different LCs illustrates the importance of measuring several parameters when evaluating diets at pasture.

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