THE ORIGIN OF SOME VARVES IN TORONTO, CANADA

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emery Zoltan Lajtai
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Clay Suspension ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Unconsolidated Material ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

A section of varved clays exposed by excavations for the University–Bloor–Danforth Subway in Toronto is described. The individual varves are noted, in general, for such irregular features as erosional structures, poor sorting and grading, sublaminations, and angular fragments of unconsolidated material scattered in the coarse-grained layer. The most characteristic property of an individual varve is the sorting and grading of the coarse-grained layer. On this basis three groups can be distinguished: graded, complex, and diamictic varved clays. Deposition from a special type of turbidity current, the meltwater bottomflow, offers the best explanation for the origin of these varves. The deposition of complex varves, which are the typical varves of the section, probably takes place from continuous meltwater bottomflows that vary in sediment load. Because of the continuity of meltwater currents, sedimentation occurs under the influence of three independent but overlapping processes: settling from a graded suspension, addition of coarse sediments rolled along the bottom, and deposition from a uniform clay suspension. Complex varve structures and textures reflect variations in the coarse sediment load that is ultimately controlled by short-term (commonly diurnal) and long-term temperature variations (chiefly seasonal) affecting the rate of melting at the glacier and consequently the discharge and competence of meltwater currents. The deposition of graded and diamictic varved clays, on the other hand, probably takes place from either single overflows or single bottomflows.

scholarly journals How adaptive plasticity evolves when selected against

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Rago ◽  
Kostas Kouvaris ◽  
Tobias Uller ◽  
Richard Watson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAdaptive plasticity allows organisms to cope with environmental change, thereby increasing the population’s long-term fitness. However, individual selection can only compare the fitness of individuals within each generation: if the environment changes more slowly than the generation time (i.e., a coarse-grained environment) a population will not experience selection for plasticity even if it is adaptive in the long-term. How does adaptive plasticity then evolve? One explanation is that, if competing alleles conferring different degrees of plasticity persist across multiple environments, natural selection between lineages carrying those alleles could select for adaptive plasticity (lineage selection).We show that adaptive plasticity can evolve even in the absence of such lineage selection. Instead, we propose that adaptive plasticity in coarse-grained environments evolves as a by-product of inefficient short-term natural selection. In our simulations, populations that can efficiently respond to selective pressures follow short-term, local, optima and have lower long-term fitness. Conversely, populations that accumulate limited genetic change within each environment evolve long-term adaptive plasticity even when plasticity incurs short-term costs. These results remain qualitatively similar regardless of whether we decrease the efficiency of natural selection by increasing the rate of environmental change or decreasing mutation rate, demonstrating that both factors act via the same mechanism. We demonstrate how this mechanism can be understood through the concept of learning rate.Our work shows how plastic responses that are costly in the short term, yet adaptive in the long term, can evolve as a by-product of inefficient short-term selection, without selection for plasticity at either the individual or lineage level.

Social trust, norms and morality

Human Affairs ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Popper
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe article approaches the topic of social trust from an evolutionary perspective. It begins by summarising the most influential approaches that have defined specific and social trust and ascertains what causes differences in degrees of trust and how the potential risk of deception might be lowered. It then notes that the basis of morality had already been formed during the era of prehistoric man, who was able to create coalitions against aggressors and to socially control the behaviour of deviants. It points out, however, that having a certain predisposition to behaving cooperatively or an increased sensitivity to recognising and not tolerating behaviour aimed at abusing cooperation is not a sufficient guarantee of the fact that people will always (or at least in the majority of situations) favour cooperation over deception. One of the reasons for this is a tendency to favour short-term gains over long-term ones. The article argues that establishing norms (moral, social and legal) produces a higher level of social trust because it not only “encourages” individuals to behave in certain ways in particular situations but also works as a sanction which “discourages” the individual from socially deviant behaviour. The article then focuses on a debate about the causal relationship between social trust and social capital. It discusses the suggestion that political institutions, government and the judiciary may reduce rather than raise levels of social capital and consequently also the level of social trust. This is partly because of their powerful position and the consequent scope for corruption and partly because of the fact that even when attempting to act honestly, representatives of these institutions cannot sufficiently reflect upon dynamic change at the local level. Finally, the article ends by adopting the position that social trust is built primarily from bottom up and so it is risky to continually doubt the very existence and usefulness of social norms and morality and to be governed simply by legal norms.

CLINICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS OF YOUNG STROKE.

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
Nitin Hiraman Suryawanshi ◽  
Amit Aggarwal ◽  
Abhijit Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stroke In Young

A study of stroke in young patients has recently become a subject of interest. This is due to a lot of impact on the individual and society. Study of stroke in young patients can lead to therapeutical results affecting both short term and long-term outcomes. Our study is hospital based retrospective study for duration of 1 year. Thi Methods: Results: s study revealed stroke in young in 25.16% of all stroke cases, with cerebral infarction in 56% and followed by intracerebral haemorrhage in 25.64%, and cerebral venous thrombosis in 18%. The most common presenting symptom was hemiparesis. The most prevalent risk factor for stroke in young was hypertension followed by diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption and smoking. Stroke in young requires a differe Conclusion: nt approach to investigate and treat. This is due to different underlying etilogy as compared to elderly. Although traditional risk factors are associated with stroke, behavioural pattern such as smoking and alcohol may cause and promote development of stroke in young.

Athletes Play Through Pain—What Does That Mean for Rehabilitation Specialists?

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 640-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Barrette ◽  
Katherine Harman
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Sport Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Competitive Nature ◽  
And Training ◽  
Insight Into

Context: Pain in sport has been normalized to the point where athletes are expected to ignore pain and remain in the game despite the possible detrimental consequences associated with playing through pain. While rehabilitation specialists may not have an influence on an athlete’s competitive nature or the culture of risk they operate in, understanding the consequences of those factors on an athlete’s physical well-being is definitely in their area of responsibility. Objective: To explore the factors associated with the experiences of subelite athletes who play through pain in gymnastics, rowing, and speed skating. Design: The authors conducted semistructured interviews with subelite athletes, coaches, and rehabilitation specialists. They recruited coach participants through their provincial sport organization. Athletes of the recruited coaches who were recovering from a musculoskeletal injury and training for a major competition were then recruited. They also recruited rehabilitation specialists who were known to treat subelite athletes independently by e-mail. Setting: An observation session was conducted at the athlete’s training facility. Interviews were then conducted either in a room at the university or at a preferred sound-attenuated location suggested by the participant. Participants: The authors studied 5 coaches, 4 subelite athletes, and 3 rehabilitation specialists. Interventions: The authors photographed athletes during a practice shortly before an important competition, and we interviewed all the participants after that competition. Our photographs were used during the interview to stimulate discussion. Results: The participant interviews revealed 3 main themes related to playing through pain. They are: Listening to your body, Decision making, and Who decides. Conclusion: When subelite athletes, striving to be the best in their sport continue to train with the pain of an injury, performance is affected in the short-term and long-term consequences are also possible. Our study provides some insight into the contrasting forces that athletes balance as they decide to continue or to stop.

scholarly journals Science of the Vatican Observatory since 2000

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-298
Author(s):  
Guy Consolmagno, S.J.
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Stellar Astronomy ◽  
University Of Arizona ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

Five research areas have been the focus of the scientific work of the Specola Vaticana (Vatican Observatory) over the past twenty years: planetary sciences, stellar astronomy, extragalactic astronomy, cosmology, and the development of the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (vatt). The choice of research program is left to the individual astronomers, all of whom work closely with lay collaborators around the world. Notable, especially in connection with the vatt, is the close coordination of the Specola with the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona. One unique strength of the Specola is its independence from short-term funding requirements. As a result of its stable funding, Specola astronomers can engage in long-term research programs such as surveys of meteorite properties, exoplanets, stellar clusters, and galaxy clusters, which may take ten or more years to come to fruition. In this way the Specola complements the large research programs of contemporary astronomy.

Long-Term Wave Power Statistics for Individual Waves

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernt J. Leira ◽  
Dag Myrhaug
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Power Device ◽  
Wave Power ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wave Power Potential ◽  
The Individual

The paper provides long-term bivariate distributions of wave power with wave height, and wave power with wave period. This is relevant for assessments of wave power devices and their potential for converting energy from waves. The results can be applied to compare systematically the wave power potential for individual waves at different locations based on short-term statistical description of the individual waves and the long-term statistical information of the wave climate. Furthermore, it allows for assessment of the efficiency of a given wave power device for each location.

scholarly journals Anxiety and Depression in Patients Hospitalized With Chronic Kidney Disease in Barranquilla Clinics, Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Carmen A. Sierra Llamas ◽  
Rafael E. Donado Castillo ◽  
Gustavo Aroca ◽  
Santos Ángel Depine ◽  
Gladys Gaviria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Research ◽  
The City

The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of anxiety and depression in patients aged between 18 and 70 years, hospitalized with chronic kidney disease in a clinic entity of the city of Barranquilla. The type of research is descriptive, presenting the information through the indicators and statistical tables, the Hospital Scale of Anxiety and Depression of, Zigmond & Smith (1983), which evaluates the detection of depressive and anxious disorders in the non-psychiatric hospital context. The application of the Scale was performed in the hospital entity of the city of Barranquilla to 50 patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. The results they are beneficial in the short term, because they create new research proposals applied to another population group diagnosed with chronic diseases, especially for the evaluation and intervention in the area of health psychology. In the long term, new theories, methods of intervention and evaluation applied to the population of patients with chronic kidney disease will be studied. In the same way, the results show marked trends related to depression, an aspect that is consistent with the deterioration that affects the individual in the course of the disease and also show a positive correlation of the study variables, depression and anxiety disorders in patients with CKD can be due to a symptomatology or consequence of psychological burnout.

scholarly journals More science with less: evaluation of a 3D-printed weather station

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4699-4713
Author(s):  
Adam Theisen ◽  
Max Ungar ◽  
Bryan Sheridan ◽  
Bradley G. Illston
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oklahoma Mesonet ◽  
System Temperature ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
The University

Abstract. A weather station built using 3D-printed parts and low-cost sensors, based on plans and guidance provided by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 3D-Printed Automatic Weather Station Initiative, was deployed alongside an Oklahoma Mesonet station to compare its performance against standard commercial sensors and determine the longevity and durability of the system. Temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, and precipitation measurements were collected over an 8-month field deployment in Norman, Oklahoma. Measurements were comparable to the commercial sensors except for wind direction, which proved to be problematic. Longevity and durability of the system varied, as some sensors and 3D-printed components failed during the deployment. Overall, results show that these low-cost sensors are comparable to the more expensive commercial counterparts and could serve as viable alternatives for researchers and educators with limited resources for short-term deployments. Long-term deployments are feasible with proper maintenance and regular replacement of sensors and 3D-printed components.

scholarly journals A Case Study of the Impediments to the Commercialization of Research at the University of Kentucky

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan L. Vanderford ◽  
Elizabeth Marcinkowski
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Administrative Leadership ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

The commercialization of university-based research occurs to varying degrees between academic institutions. Previous studies have found that multiple barriers can impede the effectiveness and efficiency by which academic research is commercialized. This case study was designed to analyze the status of the commercialization activity at the University of Kentucky via a survey and interview with a successful academic entrepreneur in order to determine the impediments the individual perceived during the commercialization process. The study also garnered insight from the individual as to how the commercialization process could be improved. Issues with infrastructure were highlighted as the most significant barrier faced by the individual. The research subject also suggested that commercialization activity may generally increase if a number of factors were mitigated. Such insight can be communicated to the administrative leadership of the commercialization process at the University of Kentucky. Long term, improving university-based research commercialization will allow academic researchers to be more active and successful entrepreneurs such that intellectual property will progress more freely to the marketplace for the benefit of inventors, universities, and society.

scholarly journals Invited Commentary: The Disillusionment of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Epidemiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E Gilman ◽  
Mady Hornig
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) model promises a greater understanding of early development but has left unresolved the balance of risks and benefits to offspring of medication use during pregnancy. Masarwa et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(8):1817–1827) conducted a meta-analysis of the association between in utero acetaminophen exposure and risks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A challenge of meta-analyzing results from observational studies is that summary measures of risk do not correspond to well-defined interventions when the individual studies adjusted for different covariate sets, which was the case here. This challenge limits the usefulness of observational meta-analyses for inferences about etiology and treatment planning. With that limitation understood, Masarwa et al. reported a 20%–30% higher risk of ADHD and ASD following prenatal acetaminophen exposure. Surprisingly, most of the original studies did not report diagnoses of ADHD or ASD. As a result, their summary estimates of risk are not informative about children’s likelihood of ADHD and ASD diagnoses. The long-term promise of DOHaD remains hopeful, but more effort is needed in the short-term to critically evaluate observational studies suggesting risks associated with medications used to treat conditions during pregnancy that might have adverse consequences for a developing fetus.

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