scholarly journals The “intestines of the soil”: the taxonomic and functional diversity of earthworms – a review for young ecologists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Eisenhauer ◽  
Elina Eisenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Know How ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Earthworms are some of the most important and popular soil organisms. Their essential roles in ecosystems have not only been recognized by Aristotle, Charles Darwin, and many active scientists around the globe, but also by land managers, farmers, and gardeners. However, many people do not know how diverse earthworms are in terms of their form and function. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the taxonomic, morphological, physiological, reproductive, and functional diversity of earthworms, their action as so-called “ecosystem engineers”, and their many interactions with other organisms below and above the ground. The ~7,000 described species range from a few cm to a length of up to 3 m and are categorized into three major ecological groups that reflect their life style. Taken together, this overview will help appreciate the surprisingly high diversity of a supposedly well-known soil animal group.

scholarly journals MOTIVASI MASYARAKAT DALAM MEMELIHARA DAN MEMPERTAHANKAN GIGI

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153
Author(s):  
Lendrawati Lendrawati
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Dental Disease ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Know How ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Tooth Form ◽  
And Function

Motivation is a fundamental impulse that drives a person to behave in undertaking activities that are expected. Motivation as a concept that is used when the self emerged a desire and drive or direct behavior. The higher the intensity the higher the motivation of behavior. Maintaining a fixed gear means an action to prevent tooth decay, dental care for the sick and restoring damaged teeth and abnormalities of the hard and soft tissues to restore tooth form and function, aesthetic value and protection of the supporting tissues of the teeth and maintaining teeth as long as possible in the oral cavity. Knowledge of dental disease is important to know how to maintain healthy teeth to increase the motivation to maintain one's teeth Knowledge gained will form the attitude is a predisposition for sustaining behavior teeth.

Reproductive Guilds of Fishes: A Proposal and Definition

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Balon
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Ecological Classification ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Reproductive Guilds ◽  
And Function

The emergence of efficient ecosystem modelling is severely hampered by the need for an ecological classification of fishes. An earlier concept of ecological groups is here expanded to cover all living fishes. This ecological classification is based mainly on form and function in early developmental intervals, on preferred spawning grounds, and on features of reproductive behavior. Within the adaptations for reproduction and embryonic development two factors prevail — predators and the oxygen regime; consequently, spawning behavior and spawning grounds determine ensuing respiratory conditions and available protection from predators. The remaining factors are more or less associated with those two. From the point of view of resource exploitation, factors other than feeding habits governing density, biomass, and production are more important. In this sense reproductive guilds are more meaningful than feeding strategies, to which one usage of "guild" was limited.Thirty-two guilds putatively encompass all the 30,000 living fish taxa (or about 20,000 species) and form an ecological classification unrelated to the Linnean classification. The guilds retain phyletic significance in respect to reproductive systems and form a basis for the construction of models on natural and cultural succession. Number of guilds and frequency of taxa within guilds in a given area reflect geochronological sequences and invasion abilities of members of different guilds.

scholarly journals Biomedical potential of mammalian spectraplakin proteins: Progress and prospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (15) ◽  
pp. 1313-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A King ◽  
Han Liu ◽  
Xiaoyang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Cytoskeletal Networks ◽  
And Function

The cytoskeleton is an essential element of a eukaryotic cell which informs both form and function and ultimately has physiological consequences for the organism. Equally as important as the major cytoskeletal networks are crosslinkers which coordinate and regulate their activities. One such category of crosslinker is the spectraplakins, a family of giant, evolutionarily conserved crosslinking proteins with the rare ability to interact with each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. In particular, a mammalian spectraplakin isotype called MACF1 (microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1), also known as ACF7 (actin crosslinking factor 7), has been of particular interest in the years since its discovery; MACF1 has come under such scrutiny due to the mounting list of biological phenomena in which it has been implicated. This review is an overview of the current knowledge on the structure and function of the known spectraplakin isotypes with an emphasis on MACF1, recent studies on MACF1, and finally, an analysis of the potential of MACF1 to advance medicine. Impact statement Spectraplakins are a highly conserved group of proteins which have the rare ability to bind to each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. The mammalian spectraplakin MACF1/ACF7 has proven to be instrumental in many cellular processes (e.g. signaling and cell migration) since its identification and, as such, has been the focus of various research studies. This review is a synthesis of scientific reports on the structure, confirmed functions, and implicated roles of MACF1/ACF7 as of 2019. Based on what has been revealed thus far in terms of MACF1/ACF7’s role in complex pathologies such as metastatic cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, it appears that MACF1/ACF7 and the continued study thereof hold great potential to both enhance the design of future therapies for various diseases and vastly expand scientific understanding of organismal physiology as a whole.

scholarly journals MOTIVASI MASYARAKAT DALAM MEMELIHARA DAN MEMPERTAHANKAN GIGI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Lendrawati Lendrawati
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Dental Disease ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Know How ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Tooth Form ◽  
And Function

Motivation is a fundamental impulse that drives a person to behave in undertaking activities that are expected. Motivation as a concept that is used when the self emerged a desire and drive or direct behavior. The higher the intensity the higher the motivation of behavior. Maintaining a fixed gear means an action to prevent tooth decay, dental care for the sick and restoring damaged teeth and abnormalities of the hard and soft tissues to restore tooth form and function, aesthetic value and protection of the supporting tissues of the teeth and maintaining teeth as long as possible in the oral cavity. Knowledge of dental disease is important to know how to maintain healthy teeth to increase the motivation to maintain one's teeth Knowledge gained will form the attitude is a predisposition for sustaining behavior teeth.

The MICOS complex, a structural element of mitochondria with versatile functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 401 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 765-778
Author(s):  
Siavash Khosravi ◽  
Max E. Harner
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Steroidogenic Cells ◽  
And Function

AbstractMitochondria perform a plethora of functions in various cells of different tissues. Their architecture differs remarkably, for instance in neurons versus steroidogenic cells. Furthermore, aberrant mitochondrial architecture results in mitochondrial dysfunction. This indicates strongly that mitochondrial architecture and function are intimately linked. Therefore, a deep knowledge about the determinants of mitochondrial architecture and their function on a molecular level is of utmost importance. In the past decades, various proteins and protein complexes essential for formation of mitochondrial architecture have been identified. Here we will review the current knowledge of the MICOS complex, one of the major structural elements of mitochondria. MICOS is a multi-subunit complex present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Multiple interaction partners in the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane point to participation in a multitude of important processes, such as generation of mitochondrial architecture, lipid metabolism, and protein import into mitochondria. Since the MICOS complex is highly conserved in form and function throughout evolution, we will highlight the importance of MICOS for mammals. We will emphasize in particular the current knowledge of the association of MICOS with severe human diseases, including Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

scholarly journals Development, form, and function of the mouse visual thalamus

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Guido
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Retinal Information ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Development Structure

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the exclusive relay of retinal information en route to the visual cortex. Although much of our understanding about dLGN comes from studies done in higher mammals, such as the cat and primate, the mouse as a model organism has moved to the forefront as a tractable experimental platform to examine cell type-specific relations. This review highlights our current knowledge about the development, structure, and function of the mouse dLGN.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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