The Fate of 14C Labeled Food Ingested by Underyearling Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in Relation to Temperature and Ration

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1184-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Biette ◽  
G. H. Geen
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Cyclic Temperature ◽  
Temperature Constant ◽  
Ration Size

Underyearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) provided rations likely available in nature grow more rapidly when held under cyclic than under constant temperature. The basis of this enhancement was investigated by following the short-term fate of labeled food in young sockeye fed low (3.4% dry body wt/d) and moderate (6.4% dry body wt/d) rations and maintained under constant and cyclic temperatures. These experiments, corrected for low 14C measured rates of respiration, indicated that growth potential of young sockeye is greater under cyclic temperatures because of the higher respiration rates at constant high temperatures and the greater rates of defecation and excretion at low temperatures. The difficulties in estimating respiration rates from 14CO2 measurements are emphasized.Key words: sockeye salmon, 14C-labeled feeding, incorporation, respiration, excretion, defecation, diel vertical migration, diel cyclic temperature, constant temperature, ration size

Growth of Underyearling Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under Constant and Cyclic Temperatures in Relation to Live Zooplankton Ration Size

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Biette ◽  
G. H. Geen
Keyword(s):  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Gross Growth Efficiency ◽  
Diel Vertical Migrations ◽  
Cyclic Temperature ◽  
Ration Size ◽  
Rate Conversion

Growth rates of Babine Lake underyearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fed rations of zooplankton of 14–84 cal/kcal sockeye∙d−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J; 1.3–7.8% of dry body wt) were determined at constant temperatures of 6.2, 11.3, 15.3, and 15.9 °C, and under a cyclic temperature regime similar to that encountered during their diel vertical migrations. Growth of fish fed rations of 43–76 cal/kcal∙d−1 (4.0–6.9% of dry body wt) was equal or greater under cyclic temperatures than constant temperatures. At the lowest and highest rations growth was greater, respectively, under the constant low temperature and the constant high temperature than under cyclic temperatures. Gross growth efficiency, ranging from < 1 to 31%, was affected by temperature and ration in much the same way as growth. Young sockeye ingesting moderate rations comparable to those probably available in the relatively warm surface layers of Babine Lake, and undergoing diel migrations from deep cold waters to the surface, and return, are likely to grow more rapidly and efficiently than fish maintained at constant temperatures. The selective value of vertical migrations in thermally stratified waters may have an energetic basis as suggested by some other workers.Key words: sockeye salmon, growth rate, conversion efficiency, diel vertical migration, temperature, zooplankton ration, diel cyclic temperature

Growth Rate and Body Composition of Fingerling Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in relation to Temperature and Ration Size

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2363-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
J. E. Shelbourn ◽  
C. T. Shoop
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Ration Size ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Maintenance Ration

The growth of young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was studied at temperatures ranging from 1 to 24 C in relation to rations of 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% of dry body weight per day, and at an "excess" ration. Optimum growth occurred at approximately 15 C for the two highest rations, shifting progressively to a lower temperature at each lower ration. The maximum growth rate for sockeye 5–7 months old was 2.6%/day; that for fish 7–12 months old was 1.6%/day. At 1 C a ration of 1.5%/day was sufficient to provide for a maximum growth rate of 0.23%/day. The maintenance ration was found to increase rapidly above 12 C, amounting to 2.6%/day at 20 C. No growth took place at approximately 23 C despite the presence of excess food.Isopleths for gross and net food-conversion efficiencies were calculated. A maximum gross efficiency of 25% occurred in a small area with a center at 11.5 C and a ration of 4.0%/day; a maximum net efficiency of 40% occurred within a range of 8–10 C for rations of 1.5%/day down to 0.8%/day, the maintenance level.Gross body constituents changed in response to the imposed conditions, varying in extreme from 86.9% water, 9.4% protein, and 1.0% fat for starved fish at 20 C to 71.3% water, 19.7% protein, and 7.6% fat on an excess ration at 15 C.It is concluded on the basis of growth and food-conversion efficiency that temperatures from 5 to 17 C are most favorable for young sockeye, and that a general physiological optimum occurs in the vicinity of 15 C.

Pattern Identification in the Microstructure of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Otoliths

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Marshall ◽  
Steven S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pattern Identification ◽  
Short Term ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Length Relationship ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Term Response

Otoliths of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) display daily rings in the microstructure when reared in temperatures above ~ 5 °C. Otolith formation ceases in fed fry held at or below 5 °C, although body growth continues at a much reduced rate. Foraging periodicity is not a significant factor in ring periodicity; rather, the existence of an entrained biological rhythm is supported. Subdaily rings are present on some otoliths, but they are faint and poorly defined. A noticeable and consistent ring corresponding to the date of first feeding is identified. The otolith diameter—body length relationship varies significantly between fed and starved experimental groups. The relation measured for starved groups is thought to be a short-term response to brief periods of starvation.Key words: otoliths, daily rings, sockeye salmon, environmental factors

Effect of simulated catch-and-release angling on postrelease mortality and egg viability in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2390-2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Smukall ◽  
Amy Shaw ◽  
Donald C. Behringer
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Catch And Release

Catch-and-release angling of salmonids is a widely implemented fisheries management strategy intended to provide recreational fishing opportunities while limiting harvest. Previous research has indicated mortality may be low, but the extent of sublethal impacts, including inability to reach spawning grounds or decreased spawning effectiveness, is relatively under-studied. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were subjected to simulated catch-and-release events, with a subset also enduring air exposure, to determine how physiological stress influences the ability of sockeye salmon to reach spawning grounds and the viability of eggs produced. Short-term postrelease mortality was highest for fish that were subjected to air exposure, but once recovered, neither simulated catch-and-release nor air exposure had a major impact on their ability to reach spawning grounds. Egg viability was similar between treatment groups, indicating physiological stress associated with the trials did not have a negative impact on reproduction. These results suggest that handling, especially air exposure, is the primary concern and substantially impacts the short-term postrelease mortality of sockeye salmon, which has important implications for management.

Does mortality select size or growth potential in young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)? A simulation based on otolith - fish size relationships

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1674-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Meekan ◽  
DAJ Ryan ◽  
J J Dodson ◽  
S P Good
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Selective Mortality ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Otolith Size

There is conflicting evidence on the role of size-selective mortality in the demography of populations of young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). A previous field study suggested that increases in mean fork length and otolith size at emergence observed in a cohort of salmon between fry and smolt stages were due to size-selective mortality, such that fry with small fork lengths underwent higher mortality than larger individuals. However, a subsequent study used a simulation to show that such increases could not have been achieved by size-selective mortality without levels of survivorship of the cohort far lower than those that had been observed in the field. To account for field observations, the simulation study proposed that individuals with high metabolic rates had better survivorship, a process that was termed "selection for growth potential." Here, we use a simulation approach to show that size-selective mortality may result in shifts in mean fork length and otolith size at emergence comparable with those observed in the field at total mortalities within the range of estimates of natural values. The contrasting outcomes of earlier simulation work and the present study are probably due to the assumption by the former that otolith and fish size in young salmon were weakly correlated and the use of an inappropriate model of size-selective mortality. We conclude that size-selective mortality can explain the results of previous field studies and that little empirical evidence exists to support the hypothesis of selection for growth potential in cohorts of young salmon.

Evaluation of Alternative Models of the Coastal Migration of Adult Fraser River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Pascual ◽  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fish Movement ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Compass Orientation ◽  
Discrete Step ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking

A set of stochastic discrete step models of individual fish movement was developed to investigate the efficiency of compass orientation as a migratory mechanism in the coastal homeward migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Ultrasonic tracking data provided empirical values for the required parameters. Alternative movement models were validated by comparing the results of Monte Carlo simulations and known features of sockeye migration: general aspect of individual trajectories, timing, success in reaching the goal, and spatial occurrence. The effect of different headings and directional precisions on the probability of success in reaching the goal were considered. The more complex models captured the essence of observed movement patterns, but the number of fish getting to the goal was lower than expected. Many "modeled" fish were lost in the complex web of channels and inlets characteristic of this area. We conclude that the preference of a compass direction is not a sufficient mechanism to explain the observed migratory behavior of Fraser River sockeye salmon in coastal areas. Other mechanisms, such as negative kinetic responses to water from nonnatal rivers or short-term learning, may prevent the fish from being trapped in complex areas.

Validation of On-line Respiration Meter and its Applications by Computer Simulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1355-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-W. Kim ◽  
H. Spanjers ◽  
A. Klapwijk
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
On Line ◽  
Made In

An on-line respiration meter is presented to monitor three types of respiration rates of activated sludge and to calculate effluent and influent short term biochemical oxygen demand (BODst) in the continuous activated sludge process. This work is to verify if the calculated BODst is reliable and the assumptions made in the course of developing the proposed procedure were acceptable. A mathematical model and a dynamic simulation program are written for an activated sludge model plant along with the respiration meter based on mass balances of BODst and DO. The simulation results show that the three types of respiration rate reach steady state within 15 minutes under reasonable operating conditions. As long as the respiration rate reaches steady state the proposed procedure calculates the respiration rate that is equal to the simulated. Under constant and dynamic BODst loading, the proposed procedure is capable of calculating the effluent and influent BODst with reasonable accuracy.

Resumption of anadromy or straying? Origins of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Elwha River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
George R. Pess ◽  
Ben J.G. Sutherland ◽  
Samuel J. Brenkman ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Elwha River

Alternative Recruitment Models of Adams River Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Collie ◽  
Carl J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Ricker Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
High Yields

Despite evidence of depensatory interactions among year-classes of Adams River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the best management policy is one of equal escapement for all year-classes. We fit alternative models (Ricker model and Larkin model) to 32 yr of stock–recruitment data and checked, using simulation tests, that the significant interaction terms in the Larkin model are not caused by biases in estimating the parameters. We identified a parameter set (Rationalizer model) for which the status quo cyclic escapement policy is optimal, but this set fits the observed data very poorly. Thus it is quite unlikely that the Rationalizer model is correct or that the status quo escapement policy is optimal. Using the fitted stock–recruitment parameters, we simulated the sockeye population under several management policies. The escapement policy optimal under the Ricker model is best overall because of the high yields if it should be correct. If the three stock–recruitment models are equally likely to be correct, the simulations predict that adopting a constant-escapement policy would increase long-term yield 30% over the current policy and that an additional 15% increase in yield could be obtained if the policy were actively adaptive.

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