Effects of Hypoxia and Surface Access on Growth, Mortality, and Behavior of Juvenile Guppies, Poecilia reticulata

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1583-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Weber ◽  
Donald L. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Aquatic Surface Respiration ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Behavior

Juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were fed ad libitum and maintained for 11 d at oxygen concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 mg/L (25–26 °C). With access to the surface, guppies showed high growth rates and low mortality at all concentrations. Without surface access, they exhibited a progressive reduction in growth rate below 2–3 mg/L and did not survive below 1 mg/L. Activity was influenced by oxygen concentration and surface access. Feeding rates declined sharply with oxygen concentration for fish without surface access and to a lesser extent for fish with access. Percent time in contact with the surface increased as oxygen decreased. Aquatic surface respiration is used even when this behavior is not necessary for survival. We suggest that aquatic surface respiration increases the energy available for growth under hypoxic conditions by augmenting oxygen supply, which permits greater ingestion rate, and possibly by decreasing the cost of ventilation.

Structure and behavior of white pelican formation flocks

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1388-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brian E. O'Malley ◽  
Roger M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Formation Flight ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Column Formation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Behavior

Observations of white pelicans commuting between nesting colonies and foraging areas revealed transitions from small, simple linear flock formations to larger, more complex vee and jay formations during departures, and the reverse during the return approach. Large, less-organized types of formations were relatively uncommon and short lived.Formation angles measured for filmed flocks ranged from 24° to 122° and were highly correlated with mean relative interbird distances within flocks. The number of wingbeats per hour, calculated from wingbeat frequency (beats per minute) and percent time flapping, was lowest in vee formation, progressively greater in jay, echelon, and column formation, and greatest for single birds. Wingbeats per hour decreased behind the lead bird, which usually had the highest rate, within each type of formation.Shifts between flapping and gliding were usually initiated by lead birds. Response times for these shifts were negatively related to flock size, and were shorter in vee and jay formations than in column and echelon formations.Our data suggests formation flight provides both aerodynamic–energetic and communication advantages over solitary flight.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN PERILAKU DAN SITUASI DALAM PROSESI ZIARAH PADA TINGGALAN ARKEOLOGI SEBAGAI UPAYA PELESTARIAN (THE UTILIZATION OF BEHAVIOR AND SITUATION IN THE PILGRIMAGE PROCESSION AT ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AS A PRESERVATION EFFORT)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NFn Wasita, M.A.
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
Proper Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Way

Sebagian rangkaian aktivitas ziarah di beberapa situs arkeologi di KabupatenTapin dan Hulu Sungai Utara, Kalimantan Selatan menunjukkan adanya perilaku dan situasi di tempat ziarah yang mendukung kegiatan pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi. Oleh karena itu, peluang ini perlu dimanfaatkan agar pihak arkeologi mendapatkan cara pelestarian yang melibatkan masyarakat dan murah biayanya. Berkaitan dengan itu, maka penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menemukan cara dalam memanfaatkan perilaku dan situasi untuk pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi dengan tidak mengganggu kegiatan ziarah, namun kegiatan pelestarian yang diinginkan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara keilmuan (arkeologi). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Implementasinya di lapangan dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan tinggalan arkeologi untuk mengetahui kondisi eksistingnya dan riwayat pemugaran yang pernah dilakukan. Pendeskripsian ini untuk mengetahui hal-hal apa saja yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam mendukung kegiatan pelestarian. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa di situs-situs arkeologi yang diziarahi terdapat situasi dan perilaku para peziarah yang mendukung kegiatan pelestarian, seperti harus bersikap sopan, tidak merusak barang-barang yang ada di tempat ziarah (dalam konteks ini termasuk tinggalan arkeologi) dan situasi di tempat ziarah yang sakral, serta adanya teguran dari orang yang hidup di alam sebelah jika tidak sopan atau melanggar tata cara ziarah. Jadi kesimpulannya, situasi dan perilaku tersebut perlu dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi. Caranya dengan memberi dukungan, karena perilaku yang baik (tidak merusak warisan budaya) merupakan bagian dari isi undang-undang cagar budaya. Selain itu, juga menghormati situasi yang tercipta di tempat ziarah karena itu merupakan pemaknaan oleh sebagian masyarakat. Agar cara mendukung dan menghormati dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, arkeolog harus jujur dan netral dalam kegiatan pelestarian.Kata kuci: tinggalan arkeologi, ziarah, situasi, perilaku, pelestarianSome parts of pilgrimage activities at several archeological sites in Tapin and Hulu Sungai Utara Districts indicate the existence of behaviors and conditions that support the conservation of archeological remains. This opportunity needs to be utilized, therefore the archeological party can obtain conservation methods that involve the community and the cost is cheap. The research goal is to gain proper method on utilizing pilgrim behaviors and situation for preserving archeological remains without interfering the pilgrimage activities, but the desired of conservation activities can be scientifically accounted (archeology). This research was conducted by using descriptive methods. Its implementation in the field was carried out by describing the archaeological remains of the existing conditions and the history of restoration that had been carried out. The describing of the pilgrim behaviors and the place conditions of pilgrimage is to find out what things can be utilized in supporting conservation activities. The results indicate that at the visited archeological sites there are conditions and behavior of pilgrims who supported conservation activities, such as having to be polite, not damage the items that are in the place of pilgrimage (in this context including archeological remains) and the situation in the sacred place of pilgrimage, as well as the rebuke of people living in the adjoining realm if they are not polite or violate to the procedure of pilgrimage. It is concluded that the situation and behavior need to be used to support the preservation of archeological remains. The way is by giving support, because good behavior (not damaging cultural heritage) is part of the contents of the cultural heritage law. In addition, it also respects the situation created in the place of pilgrimage because it is a meaning by some people. In order to be able to support and respect ways, archaeologists must be honest and neutral in conservation activities.Keywords: archaeological remains, pilgrimage, situations, behavior, preservation.

PD04 Cost-Utility Of Quetiapine For Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-134
Author(s):  
André Santos ◽  
Cristina Ruas
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
The Cochrane Library ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Behavior

Introduction:Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating condition characterized by disorders in thought, affect and behavior. The worldwide prevalence is around 0.3 to 1 percent. The pharmacological treatment is based on antipsychotic drugs, but their efficacy is limited, culminating in discontinuation of treatment, relapses, and readmissions to health services. Quetiapine was initially approved for use in the United States of America in 1997. The drug has moderate affinity for D2 and 5-HT2A receptors and high affinity for H1 receptors. This study aimed to conduct an assessment of the cost-utility of quetiapine for schizophrenia around the world.Methods:Cost-utility studies of head-to-head comparisons of quetiapine against other antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and related disorders were included, irrespective of the diagnostic criteria used. An electronic search on Medline, Lilacs, Center for Reviews and Dissemination, The Cochrane Library and PsycINFO was conducted and complemented by references of included studies, Google Scholar and conference abstracts. Monetary values were converted to PPP-USD for the same base-year of the study.Results:Six economic evaluations were included, representing four countries and a multicentric analysis. Comparisons between quetiapine and twelve other antipsychotic drugs were identified. Three studies found quetiapine to be dominated by risperidone and the remaining three found it to be more expensive and more effective with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) values of USD 36,535, 8,786 and USD 127,600 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Three studies found quetiapine, in comparison to olanzapine, to be inferior, one found it to be superior and two studies found it to be more expensive and more effective with ICER values of USD 139,699 and USD 224,000 per QALY. The reports were considered to be of reasonable quality. Yet the mixture of contexts might influence the results.Conclusions:In general, there seems to be a trend favoring olanzapine and risperidone over quetiapine. None of the studies favored quetiapine over all the other drugs.

Energetics: the costs of living and reproducing for an individual cephalopod

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1343) ◽  
pp. 1083-1104 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

Cephalopods, like all other animals, have to decide how to allocate resources; maintenance processes, growth of somatic and reproductive tissues, and locomotor activity all have costs. We should like to be able to identify these costs and discover how efficiently cephalopods make use of the prey that they capture and digest. Cephalopods generally grow fast and mature rapidly; a first task is to determine how accurately laboratory studies reflect growth in the wild, because much of the information we need (such as food conversion efficiencies, excretion rates or the costs of locomotion) can be collected only from animals kept in the laboratory. Comparison of laboratory feeding and growth rates for octopods, sepioids and teuthoids with fisheries data suggests that data collected from cephalopods fed ad libitum in the laboratory may be used validly to construct energy budgets representative of individuals in the wild. The immediate cost of feeding (the specific dynamic action) has been thoroughly documented in Octopus , as has the longer-term elevation or depression of metabolic rate by feeding or starvation; it is assumed that similar costs will be found in squid. The cost of locomotion has been studied in both octopods and squid, but we have only limited data on how much time the animals spend moving, and how rapidly, in the wild. Excretory and faecal losses are assessed from laboratory studies, and maintenance costs estimated from feeding rates that just maintain body mass in the laboratory. Comparison of gross and net food conversion efficiencies suggest that squid convert food into tissues less efficiently than octopods, owing primarily to their greater time spent in locomotion. We present a representative series of energy budgets for octopods (based on Octopus ) and squids (based on Illex and Loligo ), for starving, feeding, migrating and maturing individuals. A major contrast is provided by Nautilus, which lives for ten or twenty years and grows only slowly. Finally we speculate on the possible biochemical and historical factors that may have limited the adaptive radiation of cephalopods, resulting in a group lacking herbivores, detritivores or filter-feeders but extremely successful as carnivores.

Analysis on the Convection of Highway in Permafrost Regions

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 1644-1647
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu Sun ◽  
Zhen Qing Wang ◽  
Hong Tao Xing ◽  
Yong Heng Tong
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Percent Time Spent Following ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Permafrost Regions ◽  
Key Parameter

The purpose of this study was to evaluate flow characteristics on two-lane rural highways and to develop criteria for highway widening The study is conducted on two tracks: theoretical development of delay models and use of a simulation model to estimate the effect of certain parameters on delay and percent-time-spent-following. Models of delay are presented, as are the regions in which the traffic is stable or unstable. It was also possible from the simulation to obtain the percent-time-spent-following, which is a key parameter in determining level-of-service on two-lane highways.The accrued delay over the usable life of a two-lane highway pavement, assumed to be 20 years, was discounted to present monetary value This was then compared to four typical construction costs for different terrain types. The threshold average daily traffic volumes were determined at the points where the present value of the accumulated delay was equal to the cost of constructing two more lanes. These threshold values can be used as criteria for widening a two-lane highway and converting it into a four-lane facility. Additional criteria, based on percent-time-spent-following, are also presented.

The improbable endotherm: the energetics of the sauropod dinosaur Brachiosaurus

Paleobiology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan C. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
The Cost

One testable hypothesis of the theory that dinosaurs were endothermic is the observation that sauropod dinosaurs were too large, their heads were too small, and their food was too indigestible for them to be warm-blooded. Calculations on the daily calorie requirements of the sauropod Brachiosaurus, adjusted for digestibility and the energetic cost of “free-living,” were compared with the caloric density of Late Jurassic food plants and the feeding rates of an elephant and a giraffe. Using Brachiosaurus as a model I concluded that endothermy in large sauropods (greater than 55 metric tons) was impossible. Depending on assumptions about feeding rates and the cost of free-living, endothermy in smaller sauropods ranges from improbable to impossible.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict drives male manipulation of female postmating responses inDrosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (17) ◽  
pp. 8437-8444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hollis ◽  
Mareike Koppik ◽  
Kristina U. Wensing ◽  
Hanna Ruhmann ◽  
Eléonore Genzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Behavior

In many animals, females respond to mating with changes in physiology and behavior that are triggered by molecules transferred by males during mating. InDrosophila melanogaster, proteins in the seminal fluid are responsible for important female postmating responses, including temporal changes in egg production, elevated feeding rates and activity levels, reduced sexual receptivity, and activation of the immune system. It is unclear to what extent these changes are mutually beneficial to females and males or instead represent male manipulation. Here we use an experimental evolution approach in which females are randomly paired with a single male each generation, eliminating any opportunity for competition for mates or mate choice and thereby aligning the evolutionary interests of the sexes. After >150 generations of evolution, males from monogamous populations elicited a weaker postmating stimulation of egg production and activity than males from control populations that evolved with a polygamous mating system. Males from monogamous populations did not differ from males from polygamous populations in their ability to induce refractoriness to remating in females, but they were inferior to polygamous males in sperm competition. Mating-responsive genes in both the female abdomen and head showed a dampened response to mating with males from monogamous populations. Males from monogamous populations also exhibited lower expression of genes encoding seminal fluid proteins, which mediate the female response to mating. Together, these results demonstrate that the female postmating response, and the male molecules involved in eliciting this response, are shaped by ongoing sexual conflict.

Understanding MOCVD Gas Chemistry to Reduce the Cost of Ownership for GaN LED and AsP CPV Technologies

2012 ◽  
Vol 1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Armour ◽  
B. Mitrovic ◽  
A. Zhang ◽  
C. Ebert ◽  
M. Pophristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Phase Particle ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Compound Semiconductors ◽  
Deposition Efficiency ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Primary Metal ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTAs compound semiconductors continue to make inroads into common electronic devices, it is critically important to lower the cost of the primary metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) epitaxial process, which creates the foundation for the devices. Both GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) and AsP-based concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) markets have been focused on simultaneous cost-reduction, cycle time reductions, and device efficiency improvements, which can be realized utilizing higher growth rates and operating pressures. To achieve these goals, it has become increasingly important to understand the underlying growth mechanisms that drive the chemistry within the MOCVD process.Higher growth rates and higher operating pressures both result in parasitic gas-phase particle formation, which degrades the physical, electrical and optical properties of the deposited layers. In extreme cases, it can reduce the deposition efficiency to the point where increasing the reactant constituents results in reduced growth rates. In this paper, we will examine the tradeoffs that need to be made to achieve good crystal quality with abrupt interfaces, smooth surface morphology, and good minority carrier properties for films deposited at high growth rates and high pressure. While exceptional device performance has been achieved for both GaN-based LEDs and AsP-based CPV cells, it is primarily cost that is limiting full-scale adoption of compound semiconductors into these potentially enormous markets.

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