SELECTION FOR SERUM CHOLESTEROL, VOLUNTARY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 56-DAY BODY WEIGHT AND FEED INTAKE IN RANDOMBRED MICE. I. DIRECT RESPONSES

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Dunnington ◽  
J. M. White ◽  
W. E. Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Generation Means ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Line Generation

A five-generation selection experiment was conducted with randomly bred ICR mice. Lines were developed for high (CH) and low (CL) serum cholesterol (SC), voluntary physical activity (lines AH and AL), 56-day body weight (lines WH and WL), and feed intake (lines IH and IL). An unselected randomly bred control line was maintained with each pair of selection lines (CC, AC, WC and IC, respectively). Selection was based on individual performance in SC, activity and weight lines, and on within-sex, among full-sib family selection in intake lines. Genetic responses (selected line generation means deviated from control line generation means and regressed on generation number) were different from zero (P<0.05) in CH males and females, CL males, AH males and females, AL males, WH males and females, WL males and females, and IH females. Realized heritabilities which did not differ (P<0.05) between sexes were: 0.43±0.05 (line CH), 0.37±0.06 (line CL), 0.26±0.08 (line AH), 0.16±0.04 (line AL), 0.33±0.05 (line WH), 0.40±0.05 (line WL), 0.42±0.06 (line IH). In Line IL heritabilities of males and females differed (P<0.05) from each other (0.08±0.06 and 0.29±0.06, respectively).

SELECTION FOR SERUM CHOLESTEROL, VOLUNTARY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 56-DAY BODY WEIGHT AND FEED INTAKE IN RANDOMBRED MICE. II. CORRELATED RESPONSES

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Dunnington ◽  
J. M. White ◽  
W. E. Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Weight ◽  
Control Line ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity ◽  
High Feed

Randomly bred ICR mice were selected for five generations for high and low serum cholesterol (SC), voluntary physical activity, 56-day body weight and feed intake. An unselected, randomly bred control line was maintained with each pair of selection lines. Significant increases in mature body weight occurred in males of high weight and high intake lines and in females of high SC, high weight and high intake lines. Significant decreases in mature body weights occurred in males of low weight line and in females of low SC and low weight lines. Both high and low selected SC lines had greater (P<0.05) activity scores and consumed more feed than the SC control. Mice selected for high activity consumed more (P<0.05) feed than mice selected for low activity. Mice selected for high 56-day body weight consumed more (P<0.05) feed and had higher SC than mice selected for low 56-day body weight. Mice selected for high feed intake were heavier (P<0.05) and more active (P<0.05) than low feed intake mice but had significantly lower SC levels.

SERUM CHOLESTEROL, ACTIVITY, FEED INTAKE, AND BODY WEIGHT IN LINES OF MICE SELECTED FOR GROWTH

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Dunnington ◽  
J. M. White ◽  
W. E. Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity ◽  
Main Effects

Feed intake, growth and serum cholesterol (SC) were recorded on 102 male mice, and voluntary physical activity and SC were recorded on 113 male mice from lines selected for maximum 21- to 42-day weight gain (H), for minimum 21- to 42-day weight gain (L), and from a random-bred unselected control line (C). Voluntary physical activity in a revolving wheel was recorded for a 22-h period every sixth day from 3 to 10 weeks of age. Growth and feed intake on two different diets (diet 1 containing 4.5% fat and 23.4% protein; diet 2 containing 11% fat and 17% protein) were measured three times per week and rate of weight gain was calculated on a weekly basis. Blood samples were obtained by sinus orbital bleeding at 5 and 10 weeks of age after six hours fasting and analyzed for SC by gas chromatography. A least squares analysis of variance of the SC data using a model including lines, diets, ages and all possible interactions indicated highly significant differences in the main effects and in most of the interactions. SC and growth were higher and feed intake was lower in mice on diet 2. SC values (mg/100 ml) were 143.3, 124.1 and 132.2 at 10 weeks of age for H, C and L line animals fed diet 1 and 220.3, 178.1 and 180.4 for animals fed diet 2. An analysis of variance in the activity data resulted in highly significant differences in the main effects (line and age) but revealed no significance in the interaction. Activity scores (revolutions) for the H, C and L lines were 79234, 107987 and 124409, respectively for eight 22-h periods. Activity reached maximum levels at 56 days of age, then declined slightly. Within line phenotypic correlations between SC and activity and between SC and feed intake were significant throughout ages of testing only in the high line.

scholarly journals Voluntary wheel running is effective on suppressing of obesity but not on blood pressure and insulin resistance in female rats fed with high fructose diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
P. Tayfur ◽  
K. Gökçe Tezel ◽  
Ö. Barutçu ◽  
S. Yılmaz ◽  
E. Ö. Özgür ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity

A fructose-rich diet has been known to cause metabolic syndrome effects such as body weight gain, increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose levels. The role of voluntary physical activity in these alterations is not known clearly. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible improving effects of voluntary physical activity in rats that were feeding with a fructose-rich diet. Spraque-Dawley female rats were separated as control (C;n=7), voluntary physical activity (A;n=7), fructose (F;n=7) and fructose+activity (F+A;n=7) groups. A and FA groups were kept in cages with running wheels during six weeks. F and FA groups were fed with adding 20% fructose in drinking water. Body weight was measured weekly and Lee Index was used to determine obesity. At the end of the feeding period serum glucose, insulin and lipid levels were measured by enzymatic method and blood pressure was determined with the tail-cuff method. Daily voluntary walking distance in F+A and A groups were similar during six weeks. Fructose intake induced to increase systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.002), glucose (p=0.041), insulin (p=0.001), cholesterol (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.001) and liver weight (p=0.035). The voluntary activity was found effective on the decrease of weight gain (p=0.018) however we did not observe a significant effect on blood pressure (p=0.917) and insulin resistance (p=0.565) following the fructose-rich diet. We conclude that voluntary activity has preventive effect on obesity but may not to be effective on increased blood pressure and insulin resistance in female rats which were feeding fructose-rich diet during six weeks.

Serum cholesterol levels of inbred rats

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kritchevsky ◽  
Shirley A. Tepper
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean

Changes in serum cholesterol levels with age have been studied in male and female rats of three inbred strains (BN, DA, and Lewis) and one random-bred strain (Wistar). The mean serum cholesterol levels at each age differed among strains. Serum cholesterol levels (mg/100 ml) for male rats at 30, 60, and 90 days were: BN-65, 46, and 47; DA-105, 85, and 101; Lewis-79, 76, and 57; and Wistar-64, 63, and 73. For female rats the values were: BN-56, 45, and 47; DA-86, 74, and 91; Lewis-77, 83, and 67; and Wistar-59, 71, and 83. The variation of serum cholesterol with age was different between strains, but similar for males and females within each strain. There was no correlation between body weight and serum cholesterol. Liver cholesterol levels (mg/100 g) determined at 90 days were, for the males, BN-187, DA-233, Lewis-247, and Wistar-300, and for the females, BN-188, DA-244, Lewis-216, and Wistar-249. No correlation with body weight or serum cholesterol was observed.

scholarly journals Genetic parameters for body weight and different definitions of residual feed intake in broiler chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wossenie Mebratie ◽  
Per Madsen ◽  
Rachel Hawken ◽  
Hélène Romé ◽  
Danye Marois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to (1) simultaneously estimate genetic parameters for BW, feed intake (FI), and body weight gain (Gain) during a FI test in broiler chickens using multi-trait Bayesian analysis; (2) derive phenotypic and genetic residual feed intake (RFI) and estimate genetic parameters of the resulting traits; and (3) compute a Bayesian measure of direct and correlated superiority of a group selected on phenotypic or genetic residual feed intake. A total of 56,649 male and female broiler chickens were measured at one of two ages ($${\text{t}}$$ t or $${\text{t}} - 6$$ t - 6 days). BW, FI, and Gain of males and females at the two ages were considered as separate traits, resulting in a 12-trait model. Phenotypic RFI ($${\text{RFI}}_{\text{P}}$$ RFI P ) and genetic RFI ($${\text{RFI}}_{\text{G}}$$ RFI G ) were estimated from a conditional distribution of FI given BW and Gain using partial phenotypic and partial genetic regression coefficients, respectively. Results Posterior means of heritability for BW, FI and Gain were moderately high and estimates were significantly different between males and females at the same age for all traits. In addition, the genetic correlations between male and female traits at the same age were significantly different from 1, which suggests a sex-by-genotype interaction. Genetic correlations between $${\text{RFI}}_{\text{P}}$$ RFI P and $${\text{RFI}}_{\text{G }}$$ RFI G were significantly different from 1 at an older age but not at a younger age. Conclusions The results of the multivariate Bayesian analyses in this study showed that genetic evaluation for production and feed efficiency traits should take sex and age differences into account to increase accuracy of selection and genetic gain. Moreover, for communicating with stakeholders, it is easier to explain results from selection on $${\text{RFI}}_{\text{G}}$$ RFI G than selection on $${\text{RFI}}_{\text{P}}$$ RFI P , since $${\text{RFI}}_{\text{G}}$$ RFI G is genetically independent of production traits and it explains the efficiency of birds in nutrient utilization independently of energy requirements for production and maintenance.

scholarly journals GENETIC PARAMETERS OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS, ACTIVITY AND GROWTH IN MICE

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-668
Author(s):  
E A Dunnington ◽  
J M White ◽  
W E Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

ABSTRACT Heritabilities (h  2) of, and phenotypic and genetic correlations among, serum cholesterol (SC), levels of physical activity, growth, and body moisture content were estimated from data on 466 sire-son pairs of random-bred, ICR albino mice. Heritability estimates of SC and body moisture content were 0.31 ± 0.07 and 0.29 ± 0.11, respectively. Estimates of h  2 for activity measured by standard exercise wheels at 28, 49 and 70 days of age were 0.31 ± 0.17, 0.50 ± 0.11 and 0.27 ± 0.14 and for weight at 21, 44 and 67 days of age, were 0.11 ± 0.09, 0.33 ± 0.09 and 0.42 ± 0.08, respectively. The estimates of h  2 for weight gain ranged from 0.22 ± 0.07 to 0.27 ± 0.08. Significant negative phenotypic correlations occurred between activity and rate of body weight gain. A negative genetic correlation of -0.70 ± 0.11 between SC and body moisture implied that SC and percent body fat are positively correlated. Genetic correlations among SC values and activity scores and between SC values and body weight gains were near zero.

How to Maintain a Healthy Body Weight

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Healthy Body Weight ◽  
Healthy Body

The epidemic of both obesity and type 2 diabetes is due to environmental factors, but the individuals developing the conditions possess a strong genetic predisposition. Observational surveys and intervention studies have shown that excess body fatness is the major environmental cause of type 2 diabetes, and that even a minor weight loss can prevent its development in high-risk subjects. Maintenance of a healthy body weight in susceptible individuals requires 45–60 minutes physical activity daily, a fat-reduced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, and lean meat and dairy products, and moderate consumption of calorie containing beverages. The use of table values to predict the glycemic index of meals is of little – if any – value, and the role of a low-glycemic index diet for body weight control is controversial. The replacement of starchy carbohydrates with protein from lean meat and lean dairy products enhances satiety, and facilitate weight control. It is possible that dairy calcium also promotes weight loss, although the mechanism of action remains unclear. A weight loss of 5–10% can be induced in almost all obese patients providing treatment is offered by a professional team consisting of a physician and dieticians or nurses trained to focus on weight loss and maintenance. Whereas increasing daily physical activity and regular exercise does not significantly effect the rate of weight loss in the induction phase, it plays an important role in the weight maintenance phase due to an impact on daily energy expenditure and also to a direct enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

Mental distress and its associations with behavioral outcomes during the COVID-19: A national survey of Chinese adults (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Ma ◽  
Liwang Gao ◽  
Joseph Tak-Fai Lau ◽  
Rahman Atif ◽  
Blair T. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Negative Consequences

BACKGROUND This study primarily aimed to evaluate the associations between mental distress and COVID-19-related changes in behavioral outcomes, and potential modifiers (age, gender, and educational attainment) of such associations. OBJECTIVE The COVID -19 pandemic has led to elevated levels of mental distress attributed to prolonged lockdowns, business closures, and social isolation. Its impact on behavioral outcomes is however less known. This study is designed to primarily evaluate the associations between mental distress and COVID-19-related changes in drinking, smoking, physical activity and body weight, and potential modifiers of such associations including age, gender, and educational attainment. METHODS An online survey using anonymous network sampling was conducted in China during April-May, 2020 using a 74-item questionnaire distributed through social media. A national sample of 10,545 adults in 31 provinces provided data on socio-demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related mental distress, and changes in behavioral outcomes. Structural equation models were used for data analyses. RESULTS About 13% of adults reported experiencing at least one symptom of mental distress. After adjusting for age, education, gender, ethnicity, marital status, residence, and number of chronic conditions, greater mental distress was associated with increased smoking and alcohol consumption (among current smokers and drinkers) and with both increased and decreased physical activity. Underweight adults were more likely to lose body weight (≥1 kg) whereas overweight adults were more likely to gain weight by the same amount. The association between mental distress and change in physical activity was stronger in adults aged 40 and above and those with high education. Mental distress was significantly associated with an increase in smoking in males but not females. CONCLUSIONS Mental distress was associated with increased smoking in males but not females. These findings inform the design of tailored public health interventions aimed to mitigate long-term negative consequences of mental distress on outcomes.

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