scholarly journals Gametocidal genes of Aegilops: segregation distorters in wheat–Aegilops wide hybridization

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Niranjana
Keyword(s):  
Wide Hybridization ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Chromosome Engineering ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wheat Gene ◽  
Alien Gene ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Proportional Reduction ◽  
Do So

Aegilops is a genus belonging to the family Poaceace, which have played an indispensible role in the evolution of bread wheat and continues to do so by transferring genes by wide hybridization. Being the secondary gene pool of wheat, gene transfer from Aegilops poses difficulties and segregation distortion is common. Gametocidal genes are the most well characterized class of segregation distorters reported in interspecific crosses of wheat with Aegilops. These “selfish” genetic elements ensure their preferential transmission to progeny at the cost of gametes lacking them without providing any phenotypic benefits to the plant, thereby causing a proportional reduction in fertility. Gametocidal genes (Gc) have been reported in different species of Aegilops belonging to the sections Aegilops (Ae. geniculata and Ae. triuncialis), Cylindropyrum (Ae. caudata and Ae. cylindrica), and Sitopsis (Ae. longissima, Ae. sharonensis, and Ae. speltoides). Gametocidal activity is mostly confined to 2, 3, and 4 homeologous groups of C, S, S1, Ssh, and Mg genomes. Removal of such genes is necessary for successful alien gene introgression and can be achieved by mutagenesis or allosyndetic pairing. However, there are some instances where Gc genes are constructively utilized for development of deletion stocks in wheat, improving genetic variability and chromosome engineering.

scholarly journals The cost of mental and physical health disability in childhood and adolescence to families in the UK: findings from a repeated cross-sectional survey using propensity score matching

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e018729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Solmi ◽  
Mariya Melnychuk ◽  
Stephen Morris
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Family ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

ObjectiveIn the UK, families of disabled children are entitled to receive disability benefits to help meet costs associated with caring for their child. Evidence of actual costs incurred is scant, especially for mental health disability. In this study, we aimed to quantify the cost of mental and physical health disability in childhood and adolescence to families in the UK using the concept of compensating variation (CV).DesignRepeated cross-sectional survey.SettingThe UK general populationParticipants85 212 children drawn from 8 waves of the Family Resources Survey.OutcomesUsing propensity score matching we matched families with a disabled child to similar families without a disabled child and calculated the extra income the former require to achieve the same living standards as the latter, that is, their CV. We calculated the additional costs specifically associated with several definitions of mental health and physical health disability.ResultsFamilies of a child with any mental health disability, regardless of the presence of physical health comorbidity, needed an additional £49.31 (95% CI: 21.95 to 76.67) and, for more severe disabilities, an additional £57.56 (95% CI: 17.69 to 97.44) per week to achieve the same living standards of families without a disabled child. This difference was greater for more deprived families, who needed between £59.28 (95% CI: 41.38 to 77.18) and £81.26 (95% CI: 53.35 to 109.38) more per week depending on the extent of mental health disability. Families of children with physical health disabilities, with or without mental health disabilities, required an additional £35.86 (95% CI: 13.77 to 57.96) per week, with economically deprived families requiring an extra £42.18 (95% CI: 26.38 to 57.97) per week.ConclusionsMental and physical health disabilities among children and adolescents were associated with high additional costs for the family, especially for those from deprived economic backgrounds. Means testing could help achieve a more equitable redistribution of disability benefit.

scholarly journals An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
D.A. Gapon
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
Structural Isolation ◽  
High Degree

n event of mating between specimens of Corizus hyoscyami and Rhopalus parumpunctatus, registered in the Novgorod Province of Russia is considered. The structure of the aedeagi in their completely inflated state and the female genitalia, as well as the functioning of the genitalia, are described and illustrated. The process of unfolding and swelling of the aedeagi is traced using the method of hydraulic inflation of the membranous parts with glass microcapillaries. The congruence of the genitalia is discussed for each species, and also for the interspecific crosses in both combinations of sexes and species. Structures of insect terminalia are divided into three groups according to their functions: 1) auxiliary structures; 2) structures providing the mutual fixation of the genitalia; and 3) structures directly performing the function of transferring seminal fluid. It is shown that in the considered variants of interspecific crosses, the parts of the genitalia belonging to the second group have almost the same structure and functioning, and most likely cannot perform the function of structural isolation. The structures of the third group have taxon-specific morphological and functioning traits and a high degree of congruence within each species. Schemes of the functioning of the genitalia in interspecific crosses, speculatively showing the impossibility of normal insemination, are proposed.

‘Mother Macree ad nauseam’

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-130
Author(s):  
Sinéad Moynihan
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
John Banville ◽  
Unmarried Motherhood ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Abuse Of Women ◽  
Do So

This chapter argues that narratives of female Returned Yanks emerge forcefully in Irish culture of the 1990s as a kind of imaginative counterpart to Irish citizens’ enforced confrontation with Ireland’s past at the same historical moment, particularly with respect to the collusion of Church and State in the oppression and, often, abuse of women and children. The protagonists of these texts – and I focus most attentively on works by Benjamin Black (John Banville) and Annie Murphy – literally return to Ireland, but they also visit, or revisit, upon Ireland some of the repressions of its past. They do so both thematically, by dramatising the issues of unmarried motherhood, forced adoption and Church intervention in the family; and formally, by revising previous and tenacious gendered mythologies of emigration and return.

scholarly journals Perceptions de pères vivant avec un fils ou une fille adulte ayant une déficience intellectuelle sur la transition de l’après-parents

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-480
Author(s):  
Zoé Faubert ◽  
Georgette Goupil
Keyword(s):  
Extended Family ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Individual Interview ◽  
Déficience Intellectuelle ◽  
The Family ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Family Home ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Housing Options ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTWith the increase in life expectancy, many people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are living in the family home with their parents. This research focuses on the experience of 17 fathers of adults with ID. These fathers answered a questionnaire including open and closed questions. During the individual interview, fathers described their motivations to cohabit with their son or daughter, cohabitation benefits and constraints, housing options considered and planning for the future. Results indicate that fathers chose this cohabitation. However, they experience anxiety because they do not know who will support the adult with ID when they can no longer do so. Postparental planning considerations include legal concerns and informal discussions with siblings or the extended family. These results describe a complex parental situation in which there is interaction between their emotions, their attachment to the adult with ID and their previous experiences with residential, social or rehabilitation services.

The Importance of Full and Frank Disclosure in Family Law Financial Proceedings and the Many Consequences of Non-Disclosure

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
Hugh P K Kopsen ◽  
Robyn Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
Civil Litigation ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
High Court ◽  
Disclosure Requirements ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So

This article examines the duty of full and frank disclosure of parties to family law financial proceedings in Australia, and the potential consequences of failure to comply with this fundamental obligation. The duty is briefly compared and contrasted with disclosure requirements in civil litigation and criminal proceedings to demonstrate the uniqueness of the family law position. The rationale and content of the duty is considered in light of recent cases including the High Court decisions of Stanford v Stanford (2012) 247 CLR 108 and Hall v Hall (2016) 257 CLR 490. The article presents a three-pronged taxonomy of the consequences of non-compliance with the duty, namely evidential, procedural, and final orders/related consequences. We conclude that the absolute nature of the duty and the comprehensive nature of the potential consequences of failure to make full disclosure mean that parties and legal practitioners do so at their peril.

scholarly journals LUGAR DE MULHER É... NA FÁBRICA; ESTADO E TRABALHO FEMININO NO BRASIL (1910-1934)

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Martins VENANCIO
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Do So

Objetiva-se, neste artigo, compreender as formas de atuação dos diversos grupos sociais que debateram, nos primeiros anos do século XX no Brasil, a questão da regulamentação do trabalho feminino com vistas a demonstrar, principalmente, de que maneira o Estado brasileiro atuou, durante os anos 10, 20 e 30, em relação ao processo de regulamentação das leis trabalhistas, mais especificamente em relação à normatização do trabalho feminino. Ao analisar como o Estado se comportou diante do trabalho industrial feminino, buscamos fazê-lo de modo a caracterizar esse Estado enquanto um campo de forças políticas diversas. Como campo de tensão, o Estado republicano brasileiro foi ao mesmo tempo, palco de disputas políticas de vários grupos sociais e local de neutralização desses conflitos através da criação de normas que deveriam ser obedecidas por todos. As leis trabalhistas, criadas principalmente durante os anos 30, funcionaram como uma estratégia que, em nome da sua pretensa imparcialidade, permitia a tentativa de neutralização dos conflitos sociais. Em relação ao trabalho feminino, tal regulamentação, apesar de defender a mulher da superexploração a que estava submetida na fábrica, manteve-se nos limites da defesa de um tipo de família baseada na divisão “natural” dos papéis sociais, resultando de um debate que vinha se organizando desde o início do século sobre os papéis masculino e feminino e sua ação no interior da família. Abstract The goal of this article is to understand the behaviour of the different social groups which discussed, during the first few years of the XX century in Brazil, the regulation of the female labour, trying to demonstrate, mainly, how the Brazilian state acted, during the 10s, 20s and 30s, in relation to the labour laws regulation, and more specifically in relation to the regulation of the female labour. While analysing how this State has behaved facing the female industrial labour, we try to do so as to characterize this state as a camp with different political forces. As a field of tensions, the republican Brazilian state was at the same time a stage of political disputes by different social groups and a place of neutralization of such conflicts, by the creation of norms which should be followed by everybody. The labour laws, which were created mainly during the 1930s, worked as a strategy in which, due to its impartiality, allowed the search for the neutralization of the social conflicts. In relation to the female labour, that regulation, even though it defended the women from the exploration to which they were submitted in the factories, maintained itself inside the limits of defending the family based on the “natural” division of the social roles, resulting from a debate which had been going on since the beginning of the century about the male and female roles and their key actions inside the family structure.

WHY ARE THE INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS REVIEWING OUR EXPLORATION WELL RISKS?

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
J. Embury
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Technical Difficulty ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Risk Review ◽  
Regional Problems ◽  
Exploration Well ◽  
Do So ◽  
Experienced Personnel

The increased level of exploration in Australia and New Zealand has resulted in insurance underwriters taking a closer look at the region. A number of unfortunate onshore blowouts during 2003 and 2004 have focussed their examinations to determine whether these were symptomatic, regional problems or just one-off events. One of the tools being used to determine the level of exposure when insuring a well in Australia or New Zealand is the well risk review. The reviews typically involve an examination of a number of the drilling contractor’s key documents. This allows the reviewer to gain an understanding of the technical difficulty of the well, any environmental impact should an incident occur and the capabilities of all supervisor personnel and the match between the need to drill the well and the capability of the rig and the planning completed. It is the operator’s responsibility to comply with any recommendations that eventuate from the review and failure to do so may void the control of well insurance.Typically, the underwriters carry the cost of these reviews which have highlighted a possible issue with the competency of rig personnel as the industry grapples with the shortage of experienced people in an expanding market. To complicate the issue for the industry, many of the more experienced personnel are nearing retirement age and suitably experienced replacements are few and far between.The well risk review process should be seen as complementary to the State regulatory reviews and will, along with initiatives being undertaken by some participants in the industry, contribute to a safer industry with fewer incidents.

scholarly journals Computing from projections of random points

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950014
Author(s):  
Noam Greenberg ◽  
Joseph S. Miller ◽  
André Nies
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Turing Degrees ◽  
Orthogonal Projections ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Proper Subclass ◽  
The Family ◽  
Function Characterization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Ideal

We study the sets that are computable from both halves of some (Martin–Löf) random sequence, which we call [Formula: see text]-bases. We show that the collection of such sets forms an ideal in the Turing degrees that is generated by its c.e. elements. It is a proper subideal of the [Formula: see text]-trivial sets. We characterize [Formula: see text]-bases as the sets computable from both halves of Chaitin’s [Formula: see text], and as the sets that obey the cost function [Formula: see text]. Generalizing these results yields a dense hierarchy of subideals in the [Formula: see text]-trivial degrees: For [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be the collection of sets that are below any [Formula: see text] out of [Formula: see text] columns of some random sequence. As before, this is an ideal generated by its c.e. elements and the random sequence in the definition can always be taken to be [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the corresponding cost function characterization reveals that [Formula: see text] is independent of the particular representation of the rational [Formula: see text], and that [Formula: see text] is properly contained in [Formula: see text] for rational numbers [Formula: see text]. These results are proved using a generalization of the Loomis–Whitney inequality, which bounds the measure of an open set in terms of the measures of its projections. The generality allows us to analyze arbitrary families of orthogonal projections. As it turns out, these do not give us new subideals of the [Formula: see text]-trivial sets; we can calculate from the family which [Formula: see text] it characterizes. We finish by studying the union of [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]; we prove that this ideal consists of the sets that are robustly computable from some random sequence. This class was previously studied by Hirschfeldt [D. R. Hirschfeldt, C. G. Jockusch, R. Kuyper and P. E. Schupp, Coarse reducibility and algorithmic randomness, J. Symbolic Logic 81(3) (2016) 1028–1046], who showed that it is a proper subclass of the [Formula: see text]-trivial sets. We prove that all such sets are robustly computable from [Formula: see text], and that they form a proper subideal of the sets computable from every (weakly) LR-hard random sequence. We also show that the ideal cannot be characterized by a cost function, giving the first such example of a [Formula: see text] subideal of the [Formula: see text]-trivial sets.

scholarly journals Effect of workforce diversity on the cost-effectiveness of milk production systems participating in the “full bucket” program

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Marcos Aurelio Lopes ◽  
Flavio De Moraes ◽  
Francisval Melo Carvalho ◽  
Fabio Raphael Pascotti Bruhn ◽  
Andre Luis Ribeiro Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Net Margin ◽  
The Cost

This study aimed to analyze the effect of each workforce type on the cost-effectiveness of 20 dairy farms participating in the “Full Bucket” program, from January to December 2011, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the production cost components that most affected net margin, profitability, and cost-effectiveness. Workforce type influenced both profitability and cost-effectiveness, as well as total production cost. Economic analysis showed that farms with a hired workforce had the lowest total unit costs and a positive result. This way, the activity is able to produce in the long term and farmers are capitalizing. The farms that adopted mixed and family workforce had a positive net margin and a negative result, obtaining conditions to produce in the medium term. The highest representativeness on the items of effective operating cost in the family workforce stratum, in a descending order, were food, miscellaneous expenses, and energy. The most representative items in the mixed and hired workforce strata were food, workforce, and miscellaneous expenses.

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