The 6-min walk test: responses in healthy Canadians aged 45 to 85 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie Hill ◽  
Lisa M. Wickerson ◽  
Lynda J. Woon ◽  
Afshin Heidar Abady ◽  
Tom J. Overend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Walk Distance ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Responses ◽  
Analysis System

We sought to describe responses to the 6-min walk test (6MWT) in healthy Canadian adults in order to facilitate interpretation of its results in patient populations. Seventy-seven healthy Canadians aged 45 to 85 years (65 ± 11 years, 40 females) completed this study. During a single visit, three 6MWTs were undertaken. The main outcome measure was 6-min walk distance (6MWD). Age, gender, height, and weight were recorded. In 61 (79%) participants, cardiorespiratory variables were collected during the third 6MWT using a calibrated portable gas analysis system. The 6MWD increased between the first and second test (615 ± 96 to 639 ± 98 m; p < 0.001) with no further improvement on the third test (638 ± 99 m; p = 0.945). The best 6MWD from the first 2 tests was 640 ± 99 m (range 416 to 880 m). A greater 6MWD was achieved by males compared with females (672 ± 94 vs. 611 ± 93 m; p = 0.005). The following equation accounted for 49% of the variance in 6MWD: 6MWD = 970.7 + (–5.5 × age) + (56.3 × gender), where females = 0, males = 1. The 6MWT elicited large cardiorespiratory responses with minimal symptoms. The rate of oxygen uptake measured at test-end was associated with the 6MWD (r = 0.802; p < 0.001). These data allow the 6MWD achieved in Canadian adults to be expressed as a percentage of the predicted value and provide researchers and clinicians with values for the expected cardiorespiratory responses in a healthy adult population for the purpose of comparison with patient populations.

scholarly journals Acute Cardiorespiratory Responses to Different Exercise Modalities in Chronic Heart Failure Patients—A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Karatzanos ◽  
Panagiotis Ferentinos ◽  
Georgios Mitsiou ◽  
Stavros Dimopoulos ◽  
Argyrios Ntalianis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Responses ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Training Protocol

The purpose of this study was to compare the acute cardiorespiratory responses and time spent above different %VO2peak intensities between three “iso-work” protocols: (a) a high intensity interval training protocol (HIIT), (b) a higher intensity continuous protocol (CON70) and (c) a lower intensity continuous protocol (CON50) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Ten male CHF patients (aged 55.1 ± 16.2 years) performed in separate days a single session of a HIIT protocol consisted of 4 sets × 4 min cycling at 80% VO2peak with 3 min of recovery at 50% VO2peak, a CON70 protocol corresponding to 70% VO2peak and a CON50 protocol corresponding to 50% VO2peak. Cardiopulmonary data were collected by an online gas analysis system. The HIIT and CON70 elicited higher cardiorespiratory responses compared to CON50 with no differences between them (p > 0.05). In HIIT and CON70, patients exercised longer at >80% and >90% VO2peak. The completion rate was 100% for the three protocols. Not any adverse events were observed in either protocol. Both HIIT and CON70 elicited a stronger physiological stimulus and required shorter time than CON50. Both HIIT and CON70 also induced comparable hemodynamic responses and ventilatory demand.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained by Elite Under-18 Rugby Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1187-1191
Author(s):  
Cristian Solis-Mencia ◽  
Juan José Ramos-Álvarez ◽  
Roberto Murias-Lozano ◽  
Mikel Aramberri ◽  
José Carlos Saló
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Rugby Players

Context The physical nature of rugby is responsible for the high incidence of injuries, but no researchers have examined the epidemiology of injuries sustained by elite under-18 rugby players. Objective To investigate the incidence of injuries sustained by players on the Spanish national under-18 rugby team during their participation in 4 European championships (2014–2017) and the types of play in which they occurred. Design Cohort study. Setting European rugby championships. Patients or Other Participants Ninety-eight under-18 rugby players. Main Outcome Measure(s) All injuries sustained during the championship periods were recorded per the World Rugby protocol. Results A total of 40 injuries were logged over the 4 championships. The incidence of injury was higher during matches than during training (P &lt; .05), with 138.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 136.5, 139.6) injuries per 1000 hours of play compared with 1.2 (95% CI = 1.2, 1.3) per 1000 hours of training. With only 2 days of rest between games, the injury rate was higher than with 3 days of rest (P &lt; .05). More injuries were sustained during the third quarter of the game: 13 (44.8%) versus 6 (20.6%) in the last quarter, 5 (17.3%) in the second quarter, and 5 (17.3%) in the first quarter. Conclusions The most common injuries during matches were sprains and concussions, and these injuries were more likely to occur during matches than during training. Most injuries were caused by tackles and occurred during the third quarter of the game. These findings indicate that teams should focus on teaching players skills to reduce injuries caused by tackles and warming up properly before returning to the field after halftime. The injury rate was higher with only 2 versus 3 days' rest between games. These results suggest that young players' matches should be at least 72 hours apart.

Sino-nasal assessment questionnaire: a specific outcome measure for rhinosinusitis, but what is the range in the asymptomatic population?

2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (7) ◽  
pp. 650-652
Author(s):  
F Younis ◽  
S Duvvi ◽  
T Walker ◽  
B Nirmal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Assessment Questionnaire

The sino-nasal assessment questionnaire is a system used for scoring the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, the range of scores for this questionnaire in the healthy adult population is unknown. We aimed to establish this by recruiting 100 healthy volunteers and comparing their sino-nasal assessment questionnaire scores with those of 100 individuals who had undergone sinus surgery for rhinosinusitis. The difference in mean scores in the symptomatic group (44.62) and the asymptomatic group (8.46) was statistically significant. However, there was substantial overlap between the scores of the two groups. Factors such as age, gender and smoking did not have a statistically significant impact on the eventual score in the asymptomatic group. We believe that symptom scores can only be used effectively when the range in the asymptomatic population is known. This is so that disease severity can be gauged in the context of the normal population and post-operative improvements can be forecast.

scholarly journals Agriculture related corneal injuries

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchl Goel ◽  
KPS Malik ◽  
A Goel ◽  
N Sharma ◽  
A Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Corneal Blindness ◽  
The Village ◽  
Corneal Trauma ◽  
Best Corrected Visual Acuity

Introduction: Agricultural workers are predisposed to corneal injuries, which, if neglected, can lead to corneal blindness. Objective: To study the prevalence and mode of agriculturerelated corneal injuries in the village of Badkali, MuzaffarNagar, Western Uttar Pradesh, India in 2005 – 2006. Subjects and methods: Adult population of village Badkali, MuzaffarNagar, Uttar Pradesh. A door-to-door survey was carried out by paramedical ophthalmic assistants in October and November 2007. The main outcome measure was occurrence of corneal trauma in the fields from January 2005 until December 2006, its mode of injury, symptoms, treatment taken and outcome. Results: The study area comprised of 718 people, of whom 584 were engaged in agricultural activities and 481 were male. While working on the fields, 221 persons sustained corneal injuries and out of them four were injured more than once. The number of injuries caused due to sugarcane leaves, wheat , cattle tail/ ear, ‘cheri leaves’ and others were 83(36.7 %), 24(10.6 %), 60(25.5 %), 31(13.7 % )and 28(12.4 %) respectively. All were closed globe injuries except for two. Out of the 221 injured, 117 (51.7 %) took treatment and 95(42.2 %) had a best corrected visual acuity < 6/18. Conclusion: The majority of the population in Badkali were employed in farming. Logistic regression shows that the occurrence of injuries was more in those engaged in farming and related activities as compared to other occupations (OR = 0.012, p = 0.000, 95 % CI = 0.02, 0.09) and the maximum number of injuries being caused by sugar cane leaves followed by cattle tails. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):45-49 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7821

scholarly journals Reference values for the incremental shuttle walk test in healthy subjects: from the walk distance to physiological responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Zuniga Dourado ◽  
Ricardo Luís Fernandes Guerra ◽  
Suzana Erico Tanni ◽  
Letícia Cláudia de Oliveira Antunes ◽  
Irma Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Walk Distance ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Peak Vo2

OBJECTIVE: To determine reference values for incremental shuttle walk distance (ISWD) and peak physiological responses during the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT), as well as to develop a series of predictive equations for those variables in healthy adults. METHODS: We evaluated 103 healthy participants ≥ 40 years of age (54 women and 49 men). We fitted each participant with a gas analysis system for use during the ISWT. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, heart rate (HR), ISWD, and maximal walking velocity (MWV) were obtained as primary outcomes. We also assessed hand grip strength (HGS) and lean body mass (LBM). RESULTS: The regression analysis models, including physiological variables, ISWD, and MWV (adjusted for age, body mass, height, and sex), produced R2 values ranging from 0.40 to 0.65 (for HR and peak VO2, respectively). Using the models including LBM or HGS, we obtained no significant increase in the R2 values for predicting peak VO2, although the use of those models did result in slight increases in the R2 values for ISWD and MWV (of 8% and 12%, respectively). The variables ISWD, MWV, and ISWD × body mass, respectively, explained 76.7%, 73.3%, and 81.2% of peak VO2 variability. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide reference values for ISWD and physiological responses to the ISWT, which can be properly estimated by determining simple demographic and anthropometric characteristics in healthy adults ≥ 40 years of age. The ISWT could be used in assessing physical fitness in the general adult population and in designing individualized walking programs.

Incidence of Morphologic Changes in Asymptomatic Achilles Tendons in an Active Young Adult Population

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Joseph ◽  
Jeffrey M. Anderson ◽  
Thomas H. Trojian ◽  
John Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Young Adult Population ◽  
Ultrasound Evidence

Context:Achilles tendon rupture is often the result of a long-term degenerative process, frequently occurring asymptomatically.Objective:To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Achilles tendinopathy in an active, asymptomatic, young-adult population and to compare these findings across gender.Design:Convenience sample, cohort study.Setting:Research laboratoryParticipants:A sample of 52 (28 male, 24 female) healthy, active subjects were recruited from the student body at the University of Connecticut. Images of 104 Achilles tendons were made.Intervention:Ultrasound images made with a Phillips HD11 with a 15-MHz real-time linear-array transducer were collected on both the longitudinal and transverse axes of the Achilles tendon. Activity level was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF).Main Outcome Measure:Presence of ultrasound evidence of Achilles tendinopathy as agreed on by 2 blinded assessors highly skilled in ultrasonography.Results:More subjects were categorized as highly active (57.4%) on the IPAQ-SF than moderately active (42.6%). One female and one male subject were found to have ultrasound evidence of asymptomatic Achilles tendinopathy, equaling 3.8% prevalence in this study.Conclusion:We found a low prevalence of asymptomatic Achilles tendinopathy in an active, young-adult population. Further work is necessary to identify an optimal group warranting ultrasound screening for asymptomatic tendinopathy.

Sleep Habits and Sleep Patterns in Healthy Adult Population in Chennai

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-508
Author(s):  
Dr. M. Ganesh Dr. M. Ganesh ◽  
◽  
Dr.S.A.Sridevi Dr.S.A.Sridevi ◽  
Dr. T.Janagan Dr. T.Janagan
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Sleep Habits

The Effects of Drought on Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth of Three Species of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 540a-540
Author(s):  
K.J. Prevete ◽  
R.T. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Analysis System

Three species of herbaceous perennials were tested on their ability to withstand and recover from drought stress periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. Eupatorium rugosum and Boltonia asteroides `Snowbank' were chosen because of their reported drought intolerance, while Rudbeckia triloba was chosen based on its reported drought tolerance. Drought stress began on 19 Sept. 1997. Plants were transplanted into the field the day following the end of each stress period. The effects of drought on transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate were measured during the stress and throughout recovery using an infrared gas analysis system. Leaf gas exchange measurements were taken through recovery until there were no differences between the stressed plants and the control plants. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Rudbeckia and Boltonia were not affected until 4 days after the start of stress. Transpiration of Eupatorium decreased after 3 days of stress. After rewatering, leaf gas exchange of Boltonia and Rudbeckia returned to non-stressed levels quicker than Eupatorium. Growth measurements were taken every other day during stress, and then weekly following transplanting. Measurements were taken until a killing frost that occurred on 3 Nov. There were no differences in the growth between the stressed and non-stressed plants in any of the species. Plants will be monitored throughout the winter, spring, and summer to determine the effects of drought on overwintering capability and regrowth.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and postnatal growth following extremely preterm birth

2020 ◽  
pp. fetalneonatal-2020-320816
Author(s):  
Theodore Dassios ◽  
Emma E Williams ◽  
Ann Hickey ◽  
Catey Bunce ◽  
Anne Greenough
Keyword(s):  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Postmenstrual Age ◽  
Extremely Preterm Birth ◽  
Current Incidence

ObjectivesTo report the current incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and to compare changes in weight and head circumference between infants who developed BPD and infants who did not.DesignRetrospective, whole-population study.SettingAll neonatal units in England between 2014 and 2018.PatientsAll liveborn infants born <28 completed weeks of gestation.InterventionsThe change in weight z-score (ΔWz) was calculated by subtracting the birthweight z-score from the weight z-score at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and at discharge. The change in head circumference z-score (ΔHz) was calculated by subtracting the birth head circumference z-score from the head circumference z-score at discharge.Main outcome measureBPD was defined as the need for any respiratory support at 36 weeks PMA.Results11 806 infants were included in the analysis. The incidence of BPD was 57.5%, and 18.9% of the infants died before 36 weeks PMA. The median (IQR) ΔWz from birth to 36 weeks PMA was significantly smaller in infants who developed BPD (−0.69 (−1.28 to −0.14), n=6105) than in those who did not develop BPD (−0.89 (−1.40 to −0.33), n=2390; adjusted p<0.001). The median (IQR) ΔHz from birth to discharge was significantly smaller in infants who developed BPD (−0.33 (−1.69 to 0.71)) than in those who did not develop BPD (−0.61 (−1.85 to 0.35); adjusted p<0.001).ConclusionsPostnatal growth was better in infants diagnosed with BPD compared with infants without BPD possibly due to more aggressive nutrition strategies.

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