Creatine Supplementation: Exploring the Role of the Creatine Kinase/Phosphocreatine System in Human Muscle

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. S79-S102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hespel ◽  
Bert Op ‘t Eijnde ◽  
Wim Derave ◽  
Erik A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Past ◽  
Creatine Metabolism

The effect of oral creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance has been extensively studied over the past ten years and its ergogenic potential in young healthy subjects is now well documented. Recently, research has shifted from performance evaluation towards elucidating the mechanisms underlying enhanced muscle functional capacity after creatine supplementation. In this review, we attempt to summarise recent advances in the understanding of potential mechanisms of action of creatine supplementation at the level of skeletal muscle cells. By increasing intracellular creatine content, oral creatine ingestion conceivably stimulates operation of the creatine kinase (CK)/phosphocreatine (PCr) system, which in turn facilitates muscle relaxation. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating to suggest that creatine supplementation can beneficially impact on muscle protein and glycogen synthesis. Thus, muscle hypertrophy and glycogen supercompensation a1'e candidate factors to explain the ergogenic potential of creatine ingestion. Additional issues discussed in this review are the fibre-type specificity of muscle creatine metabolism, the identification of responders versus non-responders to creatine intake, and the scientific background concerning potential side effects of creatine supplementation.

scholarly journals Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Hypertrophy: A Closer Look Reveals the Jury is Still Out

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Jon Schoenfeld ◽  
Bret Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Exercise Induced

This letter is a response to the paper by Damas et al (2017) titled, “The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis,” which, in part, endeavored to review the role of exercise-induced muscle damage on muscle hypertrophy. We feel there are a number of issues in interpretation of research and extrapolation that preclude drawing the inference expressed in the paper that muscle damage neither explains nor potentiates increases in muscle hypertrophy. The intent of our letter is not to suggest that a causal role exists between hypertrophy and microinjury. Rather, we hope to provide balance to the evidence presented and offer the opinion that the jury is still very much out as to providing answers on the topic.

Established and Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Personality Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Charles Schulz ◽  
Robert O. Friedel
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Drug Form ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Psychotropic Agents

In the past few decades, the widely held belief of personality disorder patients being unresponsive to medication has been challenged. This chapter first reviews the current knowledge on medication for patients with personality disorders and then considers a number of novel pharmacological approaches that may yield additional beneficial results in the treatment of these disorders. It utilizes the neuroscience-based nomenclature for psychotropic agents, in which the presumptive modes and mechanisms of action of each drug form the basis of the nomenclature. A special emphasis of the chapter is laid on the role of clozapine in the treatment of personality disorders as well as new findings in the areas of pharmacogenetics and epigenetics.

scholarly journals Perspectives and future directions for epigenetics in hematology

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (26) ◽  
pp. 5131-5137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Goodell ◽  
Lucy A. Godley
Keyword(s):  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pleiotropic Action ◽  
Epigenetic Regulators ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractGenetic analysis of hematologic malignancies over the past 5 years has revealed abundant mutations in epigenetic regulators in all classes of disorders. Here, we summarize the observations made within our review series on the role of epigenetics in hematology. We highlight the clinical implications of mutations in epigenetic regulators and outline what we envision are some of the major areas that merit future research. Recent findings may have immediate prognostic value, but also offer new targets for drug development. However, the pleiotropic action of these regulators indicates caution is warranted and argues for investment in understanding of their underlying mechanisms of action as we proceed to exploit these findings for the benefit of patients.

No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. E1089-E1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Louis ◽  
Jacques R. Poortmans ◽  
Marc Francaux ◽  
Jacques Berré ◽  
Nathalie Boisseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Anabolic Effect ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Protein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Creatine

Muscle hypertrophy during resistance training is reportedly increased by creatine supplementation. Having previously failed to find an anabolic effect on muscle protein turnover at rest, either fed or fasted, we have now examined the possibility of a stimulatory effect of creatine in conjunction with acute resistance exercise. Seven healthy men (body mass index, 23 ± 2 kg/m2, 21 ± 1 yr, means ± SE) performed 20 × 10 repetitions of leg extension-flexion at 75% one-repetition maximum in one leg, on two occasions, 4 wk apart, before and after ingesting 21 g/day creatine for 5 days. The subjects ate ∼21 g maltodextrin + 6 g protein/h for 3 h postexercise. We measured incorporation of [1-13C]leucine into quadriceps muscle proteins in the rested and exercised legs. Leg protein breakdown (as dilution of [2H5]phenylalanine) was also assessed in the exercised and rested leg postexercise. Creatine supplementation increased muscle total creatine by ∼21% ( P < 0.01). Exercise increased the synthetic rates of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins by two- to threefold ( P < 0.05), and leg phenylalanine balance became more positive, but creatine was without any anabolic effect.

The role of melatonin and its analogues in epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumaira Khan ◽  
Mallika Khurana ◽  
Preeti Vyas ◽  
Divya Vohora
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Melatonin Administration ◽  
Near Future

AbstractExtensive research has gone into proposing a promising link between melatonin administration and attenuation of epileptic activity, the majority of which suggest its propensity as an antiseizure with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. In the past few years, a number of studies highlighting the association of the melatonergic ligands with epilepsy have also emerged. In this context, our review is based on discussing the recent studies and various mechanisms of action that the said category of drugs exhibit in the context of being therapeutically viable antiseizure drugs. Our search revealed several articles on the four major drugs i.e. melatonin, agomelatine, ramelteon and piromelatine along with other melatonergic agonists like tasimelteon and TIK-301. Our review is suggestive of antiseizure effects of both melatonin and its analogues; however, extensive research work is still required to study their implications in the treatment of persons with epilepsy. Further evaluation of melatonergic signaling pathways and mechanisms may prove to be helpful in the near future and might prove to be a significant advance in the field of epileptology.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

A literature review on firms' internationalisation through e-commerce

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Riccardo Resciniti ◽  
Federica De Vanna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
International Business ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The rise of e-commerce has brought considerable changes to the relationship between firms and consumers, especially within international business. Hence, understanding the use of such means for entering foreign markets has become critical for companies. However, the research on this issue is new and so it is important to evaluate what has been studied in the past. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of e-commerce and internationalisation studies to explicate how firms use e-commerce to enter new markets and to export. The studies are classified by theories and methods used in the literature. Moreover, we draw upon the internationalisation decision process (antecedents-modalities-consequences) to propose an integrative framework for understanding the role of e-commerce in internationalisation

Concealment of Illegally Obtained Assets in Nigeria: Revisiting the Role of the Churches in Money Laundering

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
Kato Gogo Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Crime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Nigerian Government

Financial crime in Nigeria – including money laundering – is ravaging Nigeria's economic growth. In the past few years, the Nigerian government has made efforts to tackle money laundering by enacting laws and setting up several agencies to enforce the laws. However, there are substantial loopholes in the regulatory and enforcement regimes. This article seeks to unravel the involvement of the churches as key drivers in money laundering crimes in Nigeria. It concludes that the permissive secrecy which enables churches to conceal the names of their financiers and donors breeds criminality on an unimaginable scale.

Provision of Remedies for Violation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Comparative Study of the United Nations, Inter-American and African Human Rights Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-318
Author(s):  
Roman Girma Teshome
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Regional Monitoring ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
To Receive

The effectiveness of human rights adjudicative procedures partly, if not most importantly, hinges upon the adequacy of the remedies they grant and the implementation of those remedies. This assertion also holds water with regard to the international and regional monitoring bodies established to receive individual complaints related to economic, social and cultural rights (hereinafter ‘ESC rights’ or ‘socio-economic rights’). Remedies can serve two major functions: they are meant, first, to rectify the pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage sustained by the particular victim, and second, to resolve systematic problems existing in the state machinery in order to ensure the non-repetition of the act. Hence, the role of remedies is not confined to correcting the past but also shaping the future by providing reforming measures a state has to undertake. The adequacy of remedies awarded by international and regional human rights bodies is also assessed based on these two benchmarks. The present article examines these issues in relation to individual complaint procedures that deal with the violation of ESC rights, with particular reference to the case laws of the three jurisdictions selected for this work, i.e. the United Nations, Inter-American and African Human Rights Systems.

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