A conceptual model of river ice breakup

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Meandering Channel ◽  
Transverse Cracking ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Short Term Forecasting

A conceptual model of ice breakup is formulated and used to analyze and compare data from four river gauge sites. Emphasis is on the development of generalized short-term forecasting methods, which to date have been site specific. The features to be forecast are the onset and flooding potential of breakup. These are related to the water surface width available for passage of the large sheets of ice that form by transverse cracking of the ice cover. Thus it is possible to study the effects of parameters such as ice cover dimensions and channel geometry. Owing to a lack of pertinent data, other parameters such as ice mechanical properties and flow characteristics are only considered indirectly. The mechanism of transverse cracking is examined in the light of recent field observations. Bending on planes parallel to the water surface, caused by stream curvature, could account for the observed crack spacing but more data are needed for positive conclusions. The present model does not apply in cases of “overmature” breakup, proximity of stage controls, and river planforms different from the single meandering channel type. Key words: breakup, cracks, field data, forecasting, gauge records, ice, ice clearing, ice sheets, model, onset, river ice, rivers.

Effects of ice on the hydraulics of Mackenzie River at the outlet of Great Slave Lake, N.W.T.: a case study

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Hicks ◽  
Xiaobing Chen ◽  
David Andres
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Great Slave Lake ◽  
Surface Profiles ◽  
Bed Roughness ◽  
Discharge Measurements ◽  
Mackenzie River

The effects of ice on the conveyance characteristics of the Mackenzie River at the outlet of Great Slave Lake are modeled on the basis of cross section surveys, discharge measurements, and water surface profiles taken during open water and ice covered conditions. The calibrated bed roughness values, expressed in terms of Mannings n, range from 0.020 to 0.030. Based on measured ice thicknesses ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 m in the study reach upstream of Providence Narrows, the calibrated roughness of the 1992 late winter ice cover is 0.015. Discharge estimates, based on this late winter ice cover calibration, measured water surface profiles, and documentation of major ice movements during April and May of 1992, show relatively good agreement with the discharge measurements taken at the same time. The analysis indicates that flow in the channel just downstream of Great Slave Lake is uniform under both open water and ice covered conditions. However, stage–discharge relationships at the Water Survey of Canada gauging station are affected by variable backwater conditions, particularly when an ice accumulation develops in Providence Rapids. Key words: ice, breakup, backwater curves, hydraulic resistance, river.

scholarly journals Analysis of river ice motion near a breaking front

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Ferrick ◽  
P. B. Weyrick ◽  
S. T. Hunnewell
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Quantitative Theory ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
River Reach ◽  
Ice Velocity

Dynamic river ice breakup displays different behaviors depending on the physical characteristics of the river, the flow, and the ice cover. Although a quantitative theory of dynamic breakup is not yet available, one of the essential components of such a theory will be a description of the ice motion near the breaking front. In this paper we develop an analysis of this motion for a specific case. The analysis is generalized by allowing the speed of the breaking front to vary, and the parameters of the ice motion that are obtained represent different dynamic breakup behaviors that have been previously described. The results of the analysis include (i) the ice velocity, ice acceleration, and bank resistance at each point in a river reach as functions of time, (ii) the equilibrium ice velocity as a function of bank resistance and the ice velocity as a function of time for several initial and bank resistance conditions, and (iii) the time of ice motion, ice velocity, ice acceleration, and the convergence of the moving ice with distance from the breaking front. The measure of ice convergence quantifies the loss of surface area by the sheet required for ice continuity, and distinguishes the basic types of dynamic breakup. Key words: breaking front, dynamic ice breakup, ice continuity, ice convergence, ice motion, river ice.

Damage resulting from a sudden river ice breakup

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Melting Snow ◽  
Ice Breakup

On January 4, 1984, the Nicola River and its two main tributaries broke up suddenly due to a sharp increase in discharge from a rain-on-melting-snow event while the ice cover was still thick and strong. The resulting ice run and attendant jamming caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage to public and private property, including the destruction of a bridge and several riprapped banks. Four ice jams remained in place for up to a week after the ice drive. All the damage was due either to the severe ice run within the channel or to flow forced out over the floodplain by ice jams. Key words: flood damage, ice run, ice breakup, ice jams, riprap.

scholarly journals 3D Numerical Study of the Flow Properties in a Double-Spur Dikes Field during a Flood Process

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Han ◽  
Pengzhi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Hydrodynamic Evolution ◽  
Spur Dikes ◽  
Potential Damage

A 3D numerical model is developed to study the flow characteristics of a double-spur dikes field on Yangtze River during a flood process, which was presented by the variation of the flow condition. The model is based on Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, the porous medium method (PMM) is employed to treat the solid structures including the river bed surface, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is applied to track the motion of the water surface during the flood process, and large eddy simulation (LES) is adopted to capture the turbulence transport and dissipation. Using this model, the target reach’s flow field before the construction of double-spur dikes is simulated first, while the numerical results are compared to the field measurements on flow velocity and water surface level, and fairly good agreements are shown. Then, the model is applied to reproduce the hydrodynamic evolution during a flood process after double-spur dikes’ constructions, while the detailed 3D flow fields are obtained under some certain states with different submergence rates of the spur dikes; finally, the potential damage positions around these spur dikes are analyzed accordingly.

Ice jam mitigation

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold S. Belore ◽  
Brian C. Burrell ◽  
Spyros Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Ice Breakup

In Canada, flooding due to the rise in water levels upstream of an ice jam, or the temporary exceedance of the flow and ice-carrying capacity of a channel upon release of an ice jam, has resulted in the loss of human life and extensive economic losses. Ice jam mitigation is a component of river ice management which includes all activities carried out to prevent or remove ice jams, or to reduce the damages that may result from an ice jam event. This paper presents a brief overview of measures to mitigate the damaging effects of ice jams and contains a discussion on their application to Canadian rivers. Key words: controlled ice breakup, flood control, ice jams, ice management, river ice.

Experience in developing a method for long-term forecasting of the ice breakup time for the Vyatka River basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Y.A Pavroz . ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Geopotential Height ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breakup Time

An attempt is made to develop a method for long-term forecasting of the ice breakup time for the Vyatka River basin, to identify the impact of the distribution of sea surface temperature and geopotential height in the informative regions at the levels H100 and H500 over the Northern Hemisphere on the river ice breakup. The location and boundaries of the informative regions in the fields of H100 and H500 were revealed by the discriminant analysis, the EOF expansion coefficients of the fields of anomalies of monthly mean values of H100 and H500 for January and February and the anomalies of monthly mean sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific were used as potential predictors. The stepwise regression analysis allowed deriving good and satisfactory (S/σ = 0.45–0.73) complex prognostic equations for forecasting the ice breakup time for the Vyatka River basin. The essential influence of H100 and H500 geopotential height fields and the spatial distribution of sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific in January and February on the river ice breakup time is revealed. It is proposed to improve the method by considering the impact of air temperature, maximum ice thickness per winter, and other indirect characteristics on the processes of river ice breakup in the Vyatka River basin. Keywords: ice regime, long-range forecast, river ice breakup, expansion coefficients, geopotential height fields, spring ice phenomena, energy-active zones of the oceans, complex prognostic equation

scholarly journals A STUDY OF ICE BREAK AND ICE FLOW DURING RIVER ICE BREAKUP

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. I_1075-I_1080
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA ◽  
Yasuharu WATANABE ◽  
Hiroshi HAYAKAWA ◽  
Yasuyuki HIRAI
Keyword(s):  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Ice Breakup

Ice breakup: a neglected factor in river ecology

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D Prowse ◽  
Joseph M Culp
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
River Ecology ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Streams And Rivers ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Biotic Effects

To minimize environmental impacts that may result from any engineered modifications of stream or river systems, a basic understanding of river ecology is required. Most fundamental theories of river ecology have developed largely from studies of warm-temperate and tropical streams and rivers. As these theories evolved over the last few decades, floods were recognized increasingly as dominant hydrologic events that control numerous abiotic and biotic forms and processes, both within the channel and on the adjacent riparian floodplains. Over approximately the same time frame, river-ice breakup was shown to be a major, if not predominant, source of floods on cold-regions rivers. Despite this, rarely has the role of ice-induced flooding been considered by subsequent modifications to the original theories or in the extensive studies and literature that they spawned. This manuscript reviews the broad, although frequently anecdotal, information about the abiotic and biotic effects of breakup processes and flooding. Based on this, it argues for breakup to be incorporated in future advancements of river ecological theory. The extensive list of cited studies provides a valuable reference source for scientists and engineers assessing development-related impacts on cold-regions streams and rivers, or further researching ecological aspects of river-ice breakup.Key words: river ice, river ecology, freshwater ecology, flooding, breakup, ice jam.

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