scholarly journals Determination of Some Frozen and Thawed Properties of Permafrost Soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Watson ◽  
W. A. Slusarchuk ◽  
R. K. Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Predictive Methods ◽  
Permafrost Soils ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Ice Content

Mackenzie Valley Pipe Line Research Limited has undertaken a significant amount of full-scale testing at its test site near Inuvik, N.W.T. Large diameter high ice content permafrost core samples were taken from this site to controlled laboratory conditions, and tested in both frozen and thawed states so that proposed predictive methods for pipeline performance could be evaluated.This paper describes procedures for sampling, sample transportation at controlled temperatures, and sample preparation in the laboratory. Methods for thaw-settlement and thaw-strength are also described. The results of these tests are presented and analyzed.

Investigation of Crack Propagation Characteristics Using Instrumented Charpy and DWT Tests for Full-Scale Burst Tested 1219 mm OD Grade 550 (X80) Linepipe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Igi ◽  
Cindy Guan ◽  
Brian Rothwell ◽  
Takashi Hiraide
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Separation Index ◽  
Crack Propagation Speed

TransCanada, on behalf of the Coastal GasLink (CGL) project, has carried out two full-scale burst tests [1, 2] at the Spadeadam test site of DNV GL, to validate the effectiveness of crack arrestors and refine the propagation control design for the large-diameter, X80 linepipe required for this project. The tests were supported by LNG Canada and TransCanada Technology Management Program. For these full-scale burst tests, Grade 550linepipe having Charpy energies from 125 to over 450 J were produced using thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP) technology. This paper describes propagation and arrest properties of the X80 linepipe materials having various Charpy energy values from the aspect of crack propagation energy and crack propagation speed relationships from instrumented Charpy and press-notched (PN) and static pre-cracked drop-weight tear (SPC-DWT) tests, together with in-situ observation of crack propagation by high-speed video camera. It was found that crack propagation speed is greatly affected by crack propagation energy measured by both Charpy and instrumented DWT tests. The crack propagation energy is lower in DWTT specimens with a higher separation index. It is not clear whether the crack propagation energy is only affected by the separations. However, the crack velocity is higher in DWTT specimens with a higher separation index. It is assumed that the crack propagation speed might be not only affected by separation but also low propagation energy. The testing data obtained from Charpy and instrumented DWT tests are compared with the fracture speed data measured from the full-scale burst test. The correlation between Charpy energy and crack propagation energy in DWTT is also compared with the predictions of an empirical equation.

DETERMINATION OF SIZE OF PROTECTIVE ZONES TO PROVIDE SECURITY MEASURES DURING TESTS OF ARMING AND ROCKET FORCES AND ARTILLERY MATERIALON TESTING GROUND

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
O. Maistrenko ◽  
M. Petrushenko ◽  
S. Nikul ◽  
Y. Sinilo
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Protection Zones ◽  
Testing Ground ◽  
Permanent Improvement ◽  
Near Accidents

The article analyzes the possible risks that can arise when firing artillery and rocket launches. The disadvantages of the method of calculating the protection zones are identified, which taking into account will reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of abnormal situations, which can lead to tragic consequences and damage to objects adjacent to the boundary of the testing ground. Additions to the procedure for determining the protection zones of the test site in the interests of RVIA are proposed and the specified, correct sizes of these zones are provided. Development of rocket troops and artillery (RTaA) of the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine is impossible without a permanent improvement and modernisation of types of armament and ammunition to them, development of the new artillery systems and their ground tests. During realization of ground tests of types of armament and military technique (WME) of RTaA firing of artillery and starting of rockets is accompanied by errors or wrong acts of WME attendant and personnel or extraneous persons, the consequences of that must be envisaged, and the risk of their origin is Analysis of the battle firing, including during realization of anti-terror operation and operation of the incorporated forces on east of Ukraine row of ground tests of standards of WME RTaA test if possibility of origin of nonpermanent near-accidents during application of armament of RtaA as a result of rejection of trajectory of flight of projectile (mines) by the direction and distance from the expected targets. Mostly it happens through untaking into account of maximal rejections of meteorological and ballistic terms of firing from tabular or errors in calculations, wrong acquisition of charge, error at aiming of fighting machines, cannons, mortars. There for practice of the battle firing needs taking into account of these errors, that will give an opportunity consider ably to promo test rength security at application of armament of RAaT during testing of standards of WME. Thus, in the article certainly and possible risks that can arise up during realization of firing of artillery and starting of rockets are analysed, related to the lacks of existent methodology of realization of calculations in relation to providing of safety measures during the tests of WME RtaA. Suggestions are brought in, in relation to the improvement of methodology of realization of calculations of sizes of protective zones, that unlike existing more in detail take into account maximal deviations of terms of firing from tabular values. These suggestions for providing of safety measures it will be allowed to decrease probability of origin of situations, that can result in tragic consequences and to causing of damages to the objects that fit closely to the limits of training field. Anoffer adding to the order of determination of protective zones and given specified sizes of the sezones have an important practical value at determination of possibilities of grounds and providing of safety of testing and battle firing (starting) of RtaA.

Respirometry for determination of the influents SS-concentration

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Witteborg ◽  
A. van der Last ◽  
R. Hamming ◽  
I. Hemmers
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
On Line ◽  
Large Measurement ◽  
Set Up

A method is presented for determining influent readily biodegradable substrate concentration (SS). The method is based on three different respiration rates, which can be measured with a continuous respiration meter which is operated in a cyclic way. Within the respiration meter nitrification is inhibited through the addition of ATU. Simulations were used to develop the respirometry set-up and decide upon the experimental design. The method was tested as part of a large measurement programme executed at a full-scale plant. The proposed respirometry set-up has been shown to be suitable for a semi-on-line determination of an influent SS which is fully based on the IAWQ #1 vision of the activated sludge process. The YH and the KS play a major role in the principle, and should be measured directly from the process.

Recent Trends in the Development of Green Microextraction Techniques for the Determination of Hazardous Organic Compounds in Wine

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa P. Kalogiouri ◽  
Victoria F. Samanidou
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Microextraction Techniques ◽  
Hazardous Organic Compounds

Background:The sample preparation is the most crucial step in the analytical method development. Taking this into account, it is easily understood why the domain of sample preparation prior to detection is rapidly developing. Following the modern trends towards the automation, miniaturization, simplification and minimization of organic solvents and sample volumes, green microextraction techniques witness rapid growth in the field of food quality and safety. In a globalized market, it is essential to face the consumers need and develop analytical methods that guarantee the quality of food products and beverages. The strive for the accurate determination of organic hazards in a famous and appreciated alcoholic beverage like wine has necessitated the development of microextraction techniques.Objective:The objective of this review is to summarize all the recent microextraction methodologies, including solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), single-drop microextraction (SDME) and dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) that were developed for the determination of hazardous organic compounds (pesticides, mycotoxins, colorants, biogenic amines, off-flavors) in wine. The analytical performance of the techniques is evaluated and their advantages and limitations are discussed.Conclusion:An extensive investigation of these techniques remains vital through the development of novel strategies and the implication of new materials that could upgrade the selectivity for the extraction of target analytes.

scholarly journals A Toolbox for the Determination of Nitroaromatic Explosives in Marine Water, Sediment, and Biota Samples on Femtogram Levels by GC-MS/MS

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Tobias Hartwig Bünning ◽  
Jennifer Susanne Strehse ◽  
Ann Christin Hollmann ◽  
Tom Bötticher ◽  
Edmund Maser
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Marine Samples ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
Biota Samples

To determine the amount of the explosives 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and its metabolites in marine samples, a toolbox of methods was developed to enhance sample preparation and analysis of various types of marine samples, such as water, sediment, and different kinds of biota. To achieve this, established methods were adapted, improved, and combined. As a result, if explosive concentrations in sediment or mussel samples are greater than 10 ng per g, direct extraction allows for time-saving sample preparation; if concentrations are below 10 ng per g, techniques such as freeze-drying, ultrasonic, and solid-phase extraction can help to detect even picogram amounts. Two different GC-MS/MS methods were developed to enable the detection of these explosives in femtogram per microliter. With a splitless injector, limits of detection (LODs) between 77 and 333 fg/µL could be achieved in only 6.25 min. With the 5 µL programmable temperature vaporization—large volume method (PTV-LVI), LODs between 8 and 47 fg/µL could be achieved in less than 7 min. The detection limits achieved by these methods are among the lowest published to date. Their reliability has been tested and confirmed by measuring large and diverse sample sets.

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