Responses of Pinusbanksiana and Pinusresinosa seedlings to flooding

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Growth Production

Flooding of soil for 45 days severely inhibited growth of 115-day-old Pinusbanksiana Lamb, and P. resinosa Ait. seedlings, with significant effects apparent within 15 days after initiation of flooding. Both species adapted poorly to flooding of soil but P. banksiana was more adversely affected than P. resinosa as shown by earlier and more drastic reduction of growth in the former species. In both species flooding decreased the rate of height growth, production of secondary needles, dry weight increment, and relative growth rates of various plant parts. Root growth of both species was reduced more than shoot growth. The reduction in dry weight increment of root systems of both species reflected arrested branching and elongation of roots as well as decay of roots, mainly the very small nonwoody roots. Flooding slightly stimulated ethylene production by submerged stems.

The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus on early plant growth in ryegrass (Lolium spp.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Eagling ◽  
RJ Sward ◽  
GM Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Measurements were made on the effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on the early growth of four commercial cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) under two different temperatures (24�C and 16�C). At 24'C, BYDV infection was associated with reduced root dry weight (30-40%) in all cultivars; the effect of infection on shoot dry weight and leaf area was variable. At 16�C, the effect of BYDV infection was variable, being associated with increases in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area in one cultivar (Grasslands Ariki) and decreases in another (Victorian). In two other cultivars, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf area were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by infection with BYDV.At 24�C, the reductions in root dry weight associated with BYDV infection were not concomitant with reductions in the root relative growth rates. Up to at least 28 days after inoculation (46-50 days after germination) reductions in root dry weight were associated with both aphid-feeding damage and virus infection. Experiments with the cultivar Victorian, showed that shoot dry weight was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by feeding with viruliferous (BYDV) or non-viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). At 16�C, changes in root and shoot dry weight were associated with changes in the root and shoot relative growth rates.

A study of growth in swards of timothy and meadow fescue. I. Uninterrupted growth

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. M. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Total Dry Weight

1. Swards of S. 48 timothy and S. 215 meadow fescue growing alone or together were sampled at intervals of 3 weeks throughout the season. The number and weight of leaves, stems and ears were determined, and leaf area was estimated.2. Despite high rainfall, the total number of tillers in both species declined from the beginning of the experiment until early July, but increased again from then onwards until the original complement had been approximately restored. The number of leaves failed to show a corresponding increase in the autumn because each tiller carried fewer leaves than earlier in the year.3. In the spring total dry weight increased more rapidly in meadow fescue than in timothy which in turn out-yielded meadow fescue later in the season. Both species attained their greatest dry weight soon after ear emergence, a period which was marked by considerable crop growth and relative growth rates.4. Leaf area index reached a maximum before total dry weight had increased to its highest level, but then declined in both species. Meadow fescue differed from timothy by producing a second crop of foliage after the summer with a leaf area index of about 7. This second rise appeared to be due mainly to increased leaf size in contrast to timothy whose leaves became progressively smaller towards the end of the season.5. The differences in growth between the species discussed with reference to their dates of ear emergence which in this experiment differed by about 6 weeks.

The effect of plane of nutrition during rearing on growth, production, reproduction and health of dairy cattle. II. Growth to maturity

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Crichton ◽  
J. N. Aitken ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Dimension ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mature Size

1. The four systems of rearing dairy heifer calves, described in Part 1 of this series are now studied for their effect on absolute and relative growth rates to maturity.2. Data on live-weights and measurements and the percentages of mature size attained by these at 44, 80, 104, 132, 182, 260 and 312 weeks of age are tabulated.3. In all groups the measurement to reach maturity earliest was circumference of metacarpus followed in order by length of back, height at withers and width of hooks.4. By 6 years of age all groups had attained approximately the same body size. Maturity in the LL group in terms of four skeletal measurements was delayed by only 9 months, and in the case of HL and LH animals by 5 and 4 months respectively.5. All groups showed the same general pattern of relative growth but the effect of restricted feeding was to increase at the younger ages the difference i n percentage of mature size between early and late maturing measurements. After 44 weeks of age the rate of growth was most rapid in those measurements which were furthest from maturity then.6. The rate of tissue deposition was markedly increased in high plane animals during early pregnancy compared with low plane. Evidence is presented to show that much of this was lost during lactation.7. At first oestrus, animals in all four treatment groups had reached the same percentage of mature size for each body dimension (except for length of back in the LL group).8. From data on 5 animals it is shown that although growth in height at withers and length of back ceased by 6 years of age there was slow but continuous growth in live-weight, middle and heart girths and width of hooks to 9 years of age.

Effect of SO2 on transpiration, chlorophyll content, growth, and injury in young seedlings of woody angiosperms

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Suwannapinunt ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Transpirational Water Loss

Effects of SO2 on transpiration, chlorophyll content, growth, and injury of woody angiosperm seedlings were studied during the first few weeks after germination. Fumigation of silver maple (Acersaccharinum L.) and black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) seedlings with SO2 at 0.75 ppm for 2 to 16 h increased transpirational water loss. As duration of fumigation was increased, the effect of SO2 on increasing transpiration declined. Leaves of silver maple seedlings fumigated with SO2 at 0.75 ppm for 8 to 16 h were injured; those of black locust were not. In another experiment, the adverse effects of SO2 were greater on black locust than on American elm (Ulmusamericana L.) seedlings. Fumigation of young black locust seedlings with SO2 at 2 ppm for 1 or 4 h significantly reduced chlorophyll content, height growth, dry weight increment of roots, and leaf formation. Leaf injury symptoms appeared within 24 h after fumigation with 2 ppm SO2 for 4 h. Fumigation of American elm seedlings with SO2 at 0.5 or 2 ppm for 0.5 to 4 h decreased dry weight increment of roots but did not injure plants or significantly influence chlorophyll content, height growth, or leaf dry weight. Inhibition of dry weight increment of roots was a more sensitive indicator of susceptibility to SO2 than was reduction in dry weight increment of shoots.

Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. II. Field performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Margolis ◽  
R. H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Free Amino ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

October-fertilized and unfertilized 2-0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were outplanted the following February. Half of each planting block was seeded with grass to induce water stress during the typical summer drought. Sucrose was applied to soil around each seedling to limit availability of nitrogen to tree roots. Fertilized seedlings broke bud 9–10 days earlier, produced more shoot growth, and, as shown in later harvests, had higher relative growth rates than unfertilized seedlings. However, initial differences in growth response were due primarily to the earlier budbreak. Seedlings growing with grass had predawn water potentials of −1.5 MPa by early August; by September 3, unfertilized seedlings growing with grass were significantly more stressed than any others. Although free amino acid and total nitrogen concentrations were higher in fertilized than unfertilized seedlings when planted, they became equal by the end of one growing season. However, fertilized seedlings contained more free amino acids and nitrogen because of their greater size. Grass competition affected both seedling nitrogen and carbohydrate chemistry. After one growing season, fertilized seedlings had greater height increment, shoot growth, leaf area, relative growth rate, and production per unit nitrogen. Although autumn fertilization benefited these Douglas-fir seedlings, negative effects could result from carbohydrate depletion because of increased respiration or from frost damage because of earlier budbreak.

scholarly journals Effect of Transplanting Practices on Growth and Water Relations of ‘Colt’ Cherry Trees During Reestablishment

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Ranney ◽  
N.L. Bassuk ◽  
T.H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Cherry Trees

Abstract Dormant pruning, a film antitranspirant, and soil-applied paclobutrazol were evaluated as transplanting treatments in newly transplanted ‘Colt’ cherry trees under irrigated and water-stressed conditions. Under irrigated conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss. However, all three treatments resulted in large reductions in mean growth rate, mean relative growth rate, root dry weight, and root surface area. The pruning treatment had no effect on the leaf area:root area ratio whereas the antitranspirant treatment resulted in an increased leaf area:root area ratio, a response considered undesirable. Paclobutrazol decreased the leaf area:root area ratio but also induced abnormal radial enlargement of plant roots. Under water-stressed conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss and were successful in delaying plant water stress. Both pruned and antitranspirant treated plants had improved relative growth rates as compared to the controls.

Effect of Naptalam on Chloramben Toxicity, Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Larry D. Knerr ◽  
Herbert J. Hopen ◽  
Nelson E. Balke
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Laboratory studies demonstrated that naptalam safens cucumber against the phytotoxic effects of chloramben. In petri dish studies, cucumber seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben plus naptalam had greater shoot growth, root growth, and dry weight than seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben alone. Naptalam also partially reversed the reduction in dry weight of various plant parts caused by exposure of roots of hydroponically grown seedlings to chloramben. More radioactivity from root-applied14C-chloramben remained in cucumber roots and less was translocated to shoots with a14C-chloramben plus naptalam treatment than with a14C-chloramben alone treatment. Naptalam appeared to influence chloramben metabolism. In various plant parts, concentrations of chloramben and its metabolites differed between the two treatments.

The effect of shade upon seedling growth in groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia L.)

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
FD Panetta
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Baccharis Halimifolia ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Treatment Comparisons ◽  
Reduced Light

Analysis of seedling growth of groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia L.) under different glasshouse light conditions indicated that seedlings growing in light shade (24% daylight) maintained relative growth rates equal to those of seedlings grown unshaded (57% daylight) for up to 11 weeks after germination. Compensation for reduced light was effected through increased leaf area rather than through increased photosynthetic efficiency. Although markedly less than in unshaded or light shade treatments, growth was maintained throughout the experimental period under the lowest radiant flux employed (17% daylight). Root systems developed more slowly and were smaller in shaded than in unshaded seedlings. Increased stem allocation (height growth) followed a peak in root allocation, and did not occur until 11 weeks after germination in any treatment. Comparisons of seed weight and seedling relative growth rate with associated pasture species indicate that groundsel is at a disadvantage in terms of both parameters. It appears that the success of this woody weed is due largely to a combination of high reproductive output and effective dispersal, which enables it to colonize relatively open microsites which occur in cultivated as well as natural field situations.

Gibberellic acid induced growth acceleration in Populus hybrids

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Rood ◽  
G. Daicos ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation

Weekly applications of 0.4 mg gibberellic acid (GA) in 8 μL 95% ethanol micropipetted onto shoots of rooted cuttings increased Populuseuramericana (Dode) Guinier height growth by 54% and shoot dry weight by 25% after 21 days. Total leaf area increased by 21% as a result of more rapid leaf production and slightly larger leaf sizes. Root growth was unaffected by GA treatment. The observed GA-induced acceleration resulted from an increase in relative growth rate while mean net assimilation rate was unaffected. Owing to a substantial increase in the number and size of leaves, the leaf area ratio, representing the ratio of photosynthesizing to respiring material, increased. While direct micropipette application of GA promoted height growth and primary shoot dry weight accumulation, GA application through either foliar spray or soil drench also promoted the growth of secondary shoots. Application of GA to shoots was more effective in promoting shoot growth than application through the roots. Direct GA application also promoted the growth of P. alba L. × P. grandidentata Michx. and P. × canescens (Ait.) Smith × P. alba × P. grandidentata. Thus, GA can be used for hastening early growth of these trees under winter greenhouse conditions.

Response of yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) seedling shoot growth to low concentrations of O3, SO2, and NO2

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Mahoney ◽  
J. M. Skelly ◽  
B. I. Chevone ◽  
L. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Highly Correlated

Six-week-old yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) seedlings from one half-sib family were exposed to various combinations of 0.07 ppm O3, 0.06 ppm SO2, and 0.10 ppm NO2 6 h daily for 35 consecutive days. Ozone and SO2 alone did not suppress total shoot elongation compared with control seedlings after the 5-week fumigation period, whereas the combinations of O3 + SO2, SO2 + NO2, or O3 + SO2 + NO2 significantly reduced total shoot height 51, 64, and 51%, respectively. Of the pollutant combinations, SO2 + NO2 most severely inhibited the rate of height growth with this effect initially occurring after only 2 weeks of fumigation. The dry weight of seedlings exposed to O3 + SO2, SO2 + NO2, or O3 + SO2 + NO2 were significantly less than plants exposed to no pollutants, O3, or SO2. Total shoot height growth was highly correlated with seedling dry weight (r = 0.97)

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