On the presentation of statistical analysis: reason or ritual

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Actual Decision

This paper addresses the shortcomings in the presentation of statistical analyses appearing in this and similar journals. The role of statistical analysis is, in general terms, to provide criteria to assist in decision making under conditions of uncertainty. Commonly, this means deciding whether two treatments yield different results based on an experiment. The actual decision or interpretation must remain the responsibility of the researcher and, thus, can and should contain elements of subjectivity. There is, therefore, a need to separate the objective (statistical) analysis of data from its interpretation as well as to present all of the relevant information concerning the objective analysis. Current deficiencies in presentation include (i) failure to specify the assumptions on which an analysis is based, (ii) failure to provide sufficient quantitative information, (iii) failure to match the statistical analysis to the experimental situation, and (iv) failure to consider whether the assumptions on which an analysis has been based have been violated to an extent that would invalidate the results. Examples of these deficiencies from recent issues of this journal are cited with, where possible, suggestions on how the presentation could be improved. The present unfortunate situation is due to misinformation or lack of information, which stems in part, if not completely, from the ritualistic use of a few statistical methods and, in particular, statistical packages for computers that simply present the results of applying these methods, properly or otherwise.

Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety, and Career Indecision: A Mediation Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 106907272110025
Author(s):  
Consuelo Arbona ◽  
Weihua Fan ◽  
Ayoung Phang ◽  
Norma Olvera ◽  
Marcel Dios
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Career Indecision ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Career Decision Making ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Path Analyses

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) refers to the tendency to fear the unknown and to worry excessively about potential future negative outcomes. In the career decision-making process, college students experience uncertainty regarding the future of occupational opportunities and the evolution of their interests and capabilities. Anxiety is a well-established predictor of career indecision. Therefore, this study examined the role of anxiety as a mediator in the relation of IU and rumination to three dimensions of career decision making difficulties among college students ( N = 678). Results of path analyses indicated that as hypothesized, after controlling for age, intolerance of uncertainty was directly and indirectly (though anxiety) related to the three dimensions of career decision making difficulties: lack of readiness, lack of information, and inconsistent information. Results suggested that career choice interventions may be enhanced with a targeted emphasis on coping with the uncertainty involved in career decision making among college students.

Ties that Bind?

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILL H. MOORE ◽  
DAVID R. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
General Model ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
International Interactions ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the authors develop and empirically evaluate a general model of the linkages between domestic and international conflict behavior. Much of the literature on domestic international interactions has focused on the structural constraints of the international and domestic systems on leaders' foreign policy decisions. Rather than focusing on structural constraints, the present authors model the influence of the behavior of domestic and international rivals on leader decision making. The impact of rivals' behavior on conflict across the domestic-international nexus has been neglected relative to the role of structural factors. This study helps redress that imbalance. The authors test their model with a statistical analysis of Zaire during the period 1975 to 1992 and find substantial support for the model.

Some Varieties of Consent in Equity

2020 ◽  
pp. 313-332
Author(s):  
Simone Degeling
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Fiduciary Relationships

This chapter studies the role of equity in preserving the autonomy of vulnerable members of the community. It focuses on the equitable domains of trusts, fiduciary relationships, undue influence, and unconscionability, where an imbalance of power exists in which one party has only limited or bounded ability to make decisions. Equity takes great care to protect the independence aspect of autonomous decision, but is less concerned about the availability of choice between meaningful options. A party will be deemed by equity as consenting if their agreement is anchored in freedom and information. Thus, great care is taken by the Courts of Chancery to ensure that no impediment to the exercise of the claimant's will was present in the circumstance. In addition, relevant information must be provided, and at times nothing less than independent advice from a third party would satisfy this requirement. Equity thus conscripts its particularistic nature to offer strong protection for two elements that are crucial for autonomous decision-making: freedom from coercion and information.

Ranking of Z-Numbers and Its Application in Decision Making

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 1503-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Aliev ◽  
O. H. Huseynov ◽  
R. Serdaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Main Ideas

Real-world decision problems in decision analysis, system analysis, economics, ecology, and other fields are characterized by fuzziness and partial reliability of relevant information. In order to deal with such information, Prof. Zadeh suggested the concept of a Z-number as an ordered pair [Formula: see text] of fuzzy numbers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the first of which is a linguistic value of a variable of interest, and the second one is a linguistic value of probability measure of the first one, playing a role of reliability of information. Decision making under Z-number based information requires ranking of Z-numbers. In this paper we suggest a human-like fundamental approach for ranking of Z-numbers which is based on two main ideas. One idea is to compute optimality degrees of Z-numbers and the other one is to adjust the obtained degrees by using a human being’s opinion formalized by a degree of pessimism. Two examples and a real-world application are provided to show validity of the suggested research. A comparison of the proposed approach with the existing methods is conducted.

scholarly journals Activating and managing camping tourism and its role in increasing tourist’s expenditure

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Zahawi ◽  
Ahmed Taha Bilal ◽  
Solaf Ezzaldeen Al-Daloy
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Questionnaire Form

This research exposes the correlation and influence between the activation and management of camp tourism. In addition, what is the role of camping to increase tourist spending in the province of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve this goal a questionnaire form had been prepared that was incluse all aspects and variables of the research. The distributed numbers of the questionnaire were 76 copies, and then 60 copies were returned and valid for the statistical analysis. They were distributed to a group of tourists in Sulaymaniyah governorate, as well as a number of tourism specialists whom working as a lecturer at University of Sulaimani. Number of statistical methods had been used to examin all hypotheses of the research. The main results of this reaseach are; according to the reaserch sample, tourists have inadequate information about this kind of turism and this could be applied to the whole our community. In addition, it was found that many places and tourist areas in Sulaymaniyah province are appropriate to establis the tourist camps. Morover, all variables are significanty correlated and the result of regressions wre also significant. It means that if this kind of tourism will be activated and managed properly, then as a result tourist spending will increase.

scholarly journals Audit Internal dan Efektivitas Pengendalian Intern Penjualan

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Radhi Abdul Halim Rachmat ◽  
Ivan Gumilar Sambas Putra ◽  
Ii Halilah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Internal Auditors ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Operational Activities

Sales activity plays an important role and needs to be controlled because it affects to the revenue. Sales control requires sales analysis that reveal undesirable developments need to be corrected. Internal Auditors who are not directly involved in operational activities can, therefore, assess all activities. Internal Auditors also provides objective information regarding sales data that will be the basis for management decision making. The purpose of this study is to: determine whether the internal audit on sales activities conducted by the company has been done adequately; determine whether the internal control over sales has been implemented effectively; and determine the role of internal audit in supporting the effectiveness of internal control sales. The authors perform hypothesis testing by doing descriptive analysis and statistical analysis. Based on the results, the effectiveness of internal control can be explained by the Internal Audit role of 63.2%.

Latency models: the statistical analysis of response times

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Dunn ◽  
Din Master
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Failure Times ◽  
Log Linear

SYNOPSISThis paper introduces statistical methods suitable for the analysis of response, survival or failure times and, in particular, latencies measured in experiments on the speed of recall of memories. The discussion includes the use of simple descriptive statistics, as well as an explanation of the role of linear-logistic and log-linear models.

Hope behind the critique of grand narratives of collective salvation: remarks on ‘The power of metaphors and narratives’

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Guilherme Vasconcelos Vilaça
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Jus Cogens ◽  
Situated Approach ◽  
Actual Decision

Abstract Kratochwil criticizes two important teleological global narratives of universal progress – Luhmannian systems theory and jus cogens – and defends the need for a non-ideal and situated approach to law and politics. Despite the cogency of Kratochwil's analysis, why should we place our hope in his pragmatic program given the complexity of actual decision-making? This paper shows that more needs to be said about the role of hope grounding Kratochwil's account. Which hopes are hopeless, and which warranted? Why should we care and ‘go on’, choosing to be prudential and political rather than focusing on one's inner development or pleasure?

If You Want to Trigger an Emotional Purchase, Don't Make Your Customers Think

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Liraz Margalit
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Gut Feelings ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Impulse Purchase ◽  
Logical Process

The classic economic theory describes consumers as rational economic actors that select an alternative only after considering all the relevant information. However, while the logical process is certainly a key factor in considered purchases such as insurance or financial products, it is actually detrimental to the retail-consumer industry, where emotional decision making or the impulse purchase plays a central role. Although we like to think of ourselves as rational creatures, absorbing information, weighing it carefully, and making thoughtful decisions, many of our most crucial choices are made by what we call hunches, gut feelings and a somewhat automatic reaction that is beyond or beneath consciousness. We like to refer to this feeling as intuition (“I have a very good feeling about this house”), but the reality is that this “intuition” is an established part of emotion-based learning. This chapter deals with the significant role of emotions in everyday purchase decisions.

Effects of Anger and Sadness on Attentional Patterns in Decision Making: An Eye-Tracking Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Xing
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Persuasive Messages

Past research examining the effect of anger and sadness on decision making has associated anger with a relatively more heuristic decision-making approach. However, it is unclear whether angry and sad individuals differ while attending to decision-relevant information. An eye-tracking experiment ( N = 87) was conducted to examine the role of attention in links between emotion and decision making. Angry individuals looked more and earlier toward heuristic cues while making decisions, whereas sad individuals did not show such bias. Implications for designing persuasive messages and studying motivated visual processing were discussed.

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