Seasonal free amino acid fluctuations in red pine and white spruce needles

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.T. Kim ◽  
C. Glerum.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Partial Regression ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Bare Root

Eighteen free amino acids were quantified biweekly from the needles of 3-year-old bare-root red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings over a 3-year period. In both species, concentrations of alanine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, threonine, valine, glutamine, and proline increased during summer. Phenylalanine, lysine, and leucine accumulated in red pine during the summer but not in white spruce. During the winter tyrosine and histidine accumulated in white spruce but not in red pine. Only tryptophan consistently exhibited a significant trend in both species, rising from a low concentration in summer to a peak in fall and then returning to a low concentration in the spring. Thirteen amino acids in red pine and 15 in white spruce exhibited significant coefficients of determination with photoperiod and daily air temperature together. Fourteen amino acids in red pine and 10 in white spruce had significant photoperiod partial regression coefficients, while three amino acids in red pine and six in white spruce exhibited significant temperature partial regression coefficients. Total amino acid concentration exhibited significant coefficients of determination, with only the photoperiod partial regression coefficients being significant for both species.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

Anaerobiosis: A Possible Source of Osmotic Solute for High-salinity Acclimation in Marine Molluscs

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-598
Author(s):  
RICHARD M. BAGINSKI ◽  
SIDNEY K. PIERCE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Time Course ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Rapid Accumulation

1. When stressed with high-salinity exposure, cell volume is restored in ventricles of Modiolus demissus demissus by a rapid accumulation of intracellular free amino acids. 2. Although the total amino acid pool increases and remains at a constant high level thereafter, the pattern and time course of accumulation is different for each major amino acid (glycine, alanine, taurine, and proline). 3. Initially, cell volume is restored by a rapid accumulation of alanine, but later its concentration decreases while glycine and taurine accumulate. Although at first not detected, the proline concentration increases, peaks and subsequently disappears again. 4. Isolated ventricles recover normal activity after large environmental salinity increases. 5. During recovery the intracellular free amino acid changes in isolated ventricles are similar to the initial pattern of accumulation in whole animals, i.e., alanine, and to a lesser extent, proline and glycine accumulate. 6. Finally, isolated ventricles undergo a period of decreased oxygen consumption on exposure to an increased salinity. 7. These results suggest that the initial stages of high-salinity acclimation in molluscs depends upon the synthesis of amino acids via a known anaerobic biochemical pathway. Note: Contribution No. 33 from the Tallahassee, Sopchoppy and Gulf Coast Marine Biological Association.

scholarly journals The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
B. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Storage and Its Interaction with Carbohydrates of Young Almond Trees in Response to Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 796C-796
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi* ◽  
Carolyn Scagel ◽  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Predominant Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acids

June-budded `Nonpareil/Nemaguard' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) trees were fertigated with one of five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm) in a modified Hoagland's solution from July to September. In October, the trees were sprayed twice with either water or 3% urea, then harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2°C. Trees were destructively sampled during winter storage to determine their concentrations of amino acids, protein, and non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Increasing N supply either via N fertigation during the growing season or with foliar urea applications in the fall increased the concentrations of both free and total amino acids, whereas decreased their C/N ratios. Moreover, as the N supply increased, the proportion of nitrogen stored as free amino acids also increased. However, protein was still the main form of N used for storage. The predominant amino acid in both the free and total amino-acid pools was arginine. Arginin N accounted for an increasing proportion of the total N in both the free and total amino acids as the N supply was increased. However, the proportion of arginine N was higher in the free amino acids than in the total amino acids. A negative relationship was found between total amino acid and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, suggesting that TNC is increasingly used for N assimilation as the supply of N increases. Urea applications decreased the concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, but had little influence on concentrations of sorbitol and starch. We conclude that protein is the primary form of storage N, and that arginine is the predominant amino acid. Furthermore, the synthesis of amino acids and proteins comes at the expense of non-structural carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Metabolism of heat-damaged proteins in the rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Ford ◽  
C. Shorrock
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Complex ◽  
Urinary Peptide

1. Freeze-dried cod muscle and casein were subjected to various conditions of heat treat-ment. Diets containing the different products, or the unheated materials, were given to a group of four adult male rats during successive 48 h periods, and urine was collected during the second 24 h of each 48 h period. A further collection of urine was made from the rats after they had been given protein isolated from heated skim-milk powder. The content and amino acid composition of the ‘peptide’ and ‘free amino acids’ in the urines were determined.2. Heat damage to the cod-fillet protein increased the total urinary excretion of peptide-bound amino acids, from 18·6 to 48·8 µmol/rat.d. The composition of the peptide also changed, and in particular there was a marked increase in lysine, from 2·98 to 20·30 µmol %. Three amino acids - lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid - together comprised nearly 70 % of the total amino acid residues. There was a corresponding increase in urinary excretion of free amino acids, from 53·7 to I 14·4 µmol/rat.d. The combined losses of lysine in urinary peptide and free amino acids were 1·5 % of the total lysine ingested, as against 0·3 % for the unheated cod fillet.3. The effects of similar heat treatment of casein on the composition of the urinary peptide and free amino acids were less marked. There was no increase in total urinary peptide excretion and there was a smaller increase in the lysine content of the peptide.4. In urine of rats given protein isolated from heated skim-milk powder, the peptide hydro-lysate was rich in lysine and in furosine, which together comprised 41 mol % of the total amino acid composition. These compounds were presumably formed, together with a smaller quantity of pyridosine, from lysine-carbohydrate complex in the urine. It is probable that, as compared with free lysine, the lysine-carbohydrate complex was absorbed relatively in-efficiently from the rat intestine.5. The findings are discussed in relation to the wider question of the metabolism of the ‚unavailable peptide’ that is released in the course of digestion of heat-damaged protein.

scholarly journals Mangrove leaves with outstanding content of free amino acids especially GABA, makes them candidates for functional food

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1663-1669
Author(s):  
K. Hinokidani ◽  
S. Koyama ◽  
M. Irie ◽  
Y. Nakanishi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Functional Ingredients ◽  
Mangrove Plants

Herbal remedies by using mangrove plants have been recognized in several countries, and the plant materials are often consumed as a tea, which are infusions of dried plant parts steeped in boiling water. These infusions from mangrove plants are believed to be effective agents for treating and/or prevent infections, ailments, and diseases, and some mangrove plants have attracted attention as functional food resources in recent years. To reveal the beneficial properties of mangrove plants, clarification of the chemical ingredient and its characteristics of mangrove plants is required. This study focused on amino acids, which were functional ingredients (i.e., bioactive compounds) because amino acids are expected to function as ‘functional ingredients’ in addition to conventional ‘nutrients’ in recent years. To demonstrate the further possibilities of mangrove tea, we firstly evaluated the content of total amino acids in the leaf of several dominant mangrove species with commercial teas as references. Next, we clarified the composition of amino acids by using LC-MS analysis. As the results, free amino acid content (FAC) in leaf sample of Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguira gymnorrhiza, Kandelia obovata, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, and Lumnitzera racemosa was 747, 1056, 946, 829, 623, and 896 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The FAC in all mangrove leaf samples were higher than those in green tea of low price, black tea, oolong tea, barley tea, and mate tea. Moreover, it was found that GABA accounts for over 10% of the total amino acid in the mangrove leaf samples. Especially in mature leaves of K. obovata, the ratio was very high levels 35%. In the case of K. obovata, the contents were higher than GABA tea. Based on this, we concluded that several mangrove plants, especially K. obovata has the potential of a functional food which is GABA-rich.

Nitrogen digestion in forage-fed sheep with and without intraruminal propionate infusion

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Seal ◽  
D. S. Parker ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. L. Mole
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

SUMMARYNitrogen balance and flow of nitrogen along the gastrointestinal tract were determined in growing wether sheep fed a dried grass pellet diet with or without intraruminal propionic acid infusion. Plasma free amino acid and glucose concentrations tended to be higher in peripheral blood of animals receiving propionate (P < 0·10). Overall total nitrogen and amino acid digestibilities and apparent digestibilities of each fraction along the digestive tract were not affected by infusion of propionic acid. The contribution of microbial amino acids to total amino acid flow in the duodenum measured using purine bases as the microbial marker averaged 0·49 and was not affected by propionic acid infusion. It is suggested that changes in circulating amino acid levels arise from reduced utilization of luminal amino acids by gastrointestinal tissues due to the increased availability of alternative energy-yielding substrates.

Changes in proteins and free and total amino acids of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) infected with Aspergillus parasiticus

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 2639-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Cherry ◽  
Clyde T. Young ◽  
Larry R. Beuchat
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Protein and amino acid composition of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus Speare were compared with those of non-infected seeds during an 18-day test period to determine metabolic changes within this interrelationship. The levels of buffer-soluble proteins of infected peanuts decreased rapidly to quantities much lower than those of non-infected seeds shortly after inoculation. Simultaneously, the levels of insoluble proteins increased to quantities greater than those contained in soluble fractions. Gel electrophoresis of soluble extracts from inoculated peanuts showed that proteins were hydrolyzed to many small-molecular-weight components, which eventually disappeared as fungal growth progressed. A corresponding increase in quantity of most free amino acids was observed shortly after inoculation of the peanuts. Major changes in free amino acid content coincided with substantial alterations of proteins in both soluble and insoluble fractions. These data suggested that inoculation of peanuts with A. parasiticus initiated a sequence of events whereby proteins were hydrolyzed first to small polypeptides and (or) insoluble components, then to free amino acids. After extended periods of infection, levels of free amino acids varied from day to day, suggesting that differential utilization of these components by the fungus was occurring. Quantities of total amino acids in whole seeds and soluble and insoluble fractions were different for non-inoculated and inoculated peanuts. Distinct differences were especially notable among samples of these three fractions of inoculated seeds. Differences in total amino acid contents apparently reflect qualitative and quantitative changes in proteins and (or) polypeptides present in various fractions examined during the infection period.

Comparative Analysis of Free Amino Acids in Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Penaeus vannamei and Macrobrachium nipponensis

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 1528-1533
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Zhang ◽  
Shun Sheng Chen ◽  
Wei Qiang Qiu ◽  
Shou Kun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Penaeus Vannamei ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Analyzer

The contents of free amino acids(FAAs) in Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Penaeus vannamei and Macrobrachium nipponensis was analyzed by using the automatic amino acid analyzer in this study. The results show that the sequence from the highest to the lowest in total amount of FAAs is Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Penaeus vannamei and Macrobrachium nipponensis. SPSS(19.0) results indicate that except for Cys, Lys and Thr, FAAs in these three shrimps are significant different (p<0.05), and all of them have a high concentration of Arg, Gly and Pro and a low concentration of Asp and Cys. The content of Gly in shrimp is higher than that of crab and oyster. Both Arg and Gly significantly contribute to the taste of the three shrimps, Glu and Pro play an important role in the flavor of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii and Penaeus vannamei, while not as significant as in the taste of Macrobrachium nipponensis. Composition modes of FAAs which make major contributions to flavor in marine shrimps, Parapenaeopsis hardwickii and Penaeus vannamei, are similar, but different from freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponensis.

Free amino acid concentrations in red pine needles during three successive autumns

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1286-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Kim ◽  
C. Glerum
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Significant Negative Trend ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Seasonal free amino acid concentrations in current-year red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) needles were determined weekly or biweekly from September to December over a 3-year period. Tryptophan and histidine were the only amino acids that had significant positive trends, increasing in concentration between September and December in all 3 years, while threonine had a significant negative trend, decreasing in concentration in all 3 years. The positive tryptophan trend was the most consistent.

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