Vegetation management on grass-dominated clearcuts planted with Norway spruce in southern Sweden

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Nilsson ◽  
Göran Örlander
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Relative Differences

A field experiment was established between 1989 and 1993 to study the effects of competing vegetation on growth of planted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. Effects of clearcut age, scarification (mounding), herbicide treatment, and seedling stock type were investigated 5 years after planting. On fresh clearcuts, amounts of vegetation were negligible, whereas 2.1-3.7 Mg·ha-1 was found on 4-year-old and older clearcuts. Soil temperatures were about 10% higher in mounds than in undisturbed ground, while herbicide and clearcut age only marginally affected soil temperatures. Seedlings planted on old clearcuts showed significant reductions in growth due to interference from vegetation. Five years after planting, the reduction in growth corresponded to about 1 year's growth. Most of the interaction between seedlings and vegetation occurred during the first 2 years after planting. Thus, scarification was just as effective as repeated herbicide treatments in reducing competition from vegetation. Differences in periods of drought between years could largely explain variation in leading shoot length. However, leading shoot length was affected in the same way irrespective of vegetation control treatments. Five years after planting, the relative differences in diameter between bare-root and containerized seedlings were the same as at the time of planting.

Effects of regeneration methods on drought damage to newly planted Norway spruce seedlings

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 790-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Nilsson ◽  
Göran Örlander
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Pine Weevils ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Bare Root

A field experiment was established between 1989 and 1993 to study the effects of (i) the age of clearcuts on damage by pine weevils (Hylobiusabietis L.) and (11) competing vegetation on the survival and growth of planted Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.). On each of four sites Norway spruce seedlings were planted on 0 to 4-year-old clearcuts. Effects of mounding, herbicide and mowing, removal of slash, and seedling stock type were also investigated. As many seedlings suffered severely from a drought that affected southern Sweden in 1992, this study reports a separate analysis of mortality due to drough. From the middle of May until the beginning of July 1992, only negligible precipitation was recorded on all four sites. The biomass of ground vegetation was correlated with the age of the clearcut. On fresh and 1-year-old clearcuts, only negligible amounts of vegetation were found, whereas about 2 Mg•ha−1 of ground vegetation were found on 2- and 3-year-old clearcuts. Low soil water potentials were recorded on 2- and 3-year-old clearcuts but not on fresh clearcuts. There was no effect of the slash removal treatment on soil water potential, but there was a significant effect of the soil and vegetation treatments. Mounding and herbicide treatments increased the soil water potentials compared with untreated controls and mowed plots. Mortality by drought was higher for seedlings planted on old clearcuts than for seedlings planted on fresh ones. Mortality was reduced by mounding, but late planting increased the number of dead seedlings significantly. The mortality of containerized seedlings was considerably less than that of bare-root seedlings. On old clearcuts growth of seedlings planted on plots with no vegetation control (untreated control and mown plots) was less than that of seedlings planted on plots where transpiration by ground vegetation was reduced (herbicide and mounding).

The potential cost of environmental certification to vegetation management in plantation forests: a New Zealand case study

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 986-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Rolando ◽  
Michael S. Watt ◽  
Jerzy A. Zabkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Mechanical Control ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Plantation Forests

Plantation forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council have restrictions on herbicide use. Since certified plantations are dependant on herbicides for cost-effective vegetation management, compliance requires a shift from current chemical practices. Using New Zealand plantation forests as a case study, discounted cash flow analyses were used to estimate the cost of certification-compliant vegetation control regimes compared with current non-compliant methods. We examined methods that (i) reduce the quantity of herbicides by using spot control and (ii) avoid the use of herbicides by using weed mats, manual, and mechanical control. Cost analyses were undertaken for low-, medium-, and high-productivity sites. The internal rate of return of the non-compliant regime was between 5% and 5.8% across the productivity range. Spot control was cheaper than current non-compliant practice. However, spot control is limited by site suitability and the availability of labour. Non-chemical control methods were expensive relative to other regimes. Reductions in the internal rate of return varied across low- and high-productivity sites between 0.8% and 0.5% for manual control, 1.3% and 0.8% for mechanical control, and 1.7% and 1.0% for weed mats. Meeting the goals of certification while retaining cost-effective vegetation control presents a challenge to the plantation forestry sector.

THE EFFECT OF ORCHARD SOIL MANAGEMENT ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND APPLE TREE NUTRITION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
E. J. HOGUE ◽  
B. G. DROUGHT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Plastic Mulching ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Summer Maximum ◽  
Black Plastic

Soil temperature was measured from 1981 to 1985 at 0.2- and 1.0-m depths for four soil management treatments which included full ground cover, total vegetation control, shallow tillage and black plastic mulching in a high-density orchard planted to Bisbee Red Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 26 rootstock. Ground cover suppression treatments, especially black plastic mulching, increased degree day accumulations above 10 °C in all 5 yr at 0.2-m and in 3 yr at 1.0-m depths relative to full ground cover. However, these treatments also resulted in more extreme temperature fluctuations as characterized by higher summer maximum and lower winter minimum temperatures under black plastic mulching. Despite a potential for more extreme soil temperatures, apple yield was significantly higher under black plastic relative to full ground cover. For these two contrasting temperature treatments, leaf N and Mg concentrations were usually significantly higher under black plastic while leaf P and K were consistently higher and leaf Ca and Zn were occasionally higher under full ground cover. Most of these differences were, with the possible exception of leaf Zn, attributed to the competition for, or recycling of, nutrients by orchard floor vegetation. Mean monthly soil temperatures at the two depths under the four soil management treatments could be predicted by simple linear regression techniques from soil temperature measurements at the Summerland Research Station Meteorological Recording Site. Key words: Bisbee Delicious apples, degree days, ground cover, suppression, black plastic mulching, leaf nutrition

Planting stock type and seasonality of simulated browsing affect regeneration establishment of Quercus rubra

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 732-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip O. Woolery ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Container Seedlings ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Simulated Browsing

Animal herbivory is a major limiting factor to successful oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration. Although bare-root seedlings are the most commonly used nursery stock type for oak plantings in the eastern United States, container seedlings may better resist planting stress and help enable seedlings to overcome browsing pressure. Four stock types (1 + 0 bare-root seedlings and seedlings in 164, 336, and 520 mL containers) of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were planted on two reforestation sites in Indiana, USA, which were fenced to exclude white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman). Seedlings were then subjected to three simulated browsing treatments (control unclipped, dormant clipped, and summer clipped). Container seedlings exhibited higher relative growth rates on both sites; for example, at one site, control seedlings in 336 mL containers had relative height growth of 558% compared with 79% for bare-root control seedlings. On both sites, summer-browsed seedlings of all stock types had negligible height growth, and summer browsing reduced survival at one site by 23% for all stock types compared with control seedlings. Browsing of seedlings during the dormant period did not affect growth for any stock type. Container seedlings may help facilitate rapid establishment of planted oak seedlings, but browse protection is necessary to ensure oak regeneration success in areas of large populations of deer.

scholarly journals Consequences for bird diversity from a decrease in a foundation species—replacing Scots pine stands with Norway spruce in southern Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1429-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matts Lindbladh ◽  
Lisa Petersson ◽  
Per-Ola Hedwall ◽  
Renats Trubins ◽  
Emma Holmström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Foundation Species ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Effects of mulching and insecticides on establishment and growth of Norway spruce

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2377-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Johansson ◽  
Göran Örlander ◽  
Urban Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Pine Weevils ◽  
Different Depths

Establishment of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings is often restricted by competition from vegetation, drought, and damage by pine weevils. In this study, effects of mulching on these factors were investigated. Norway spruce seedlings were planted on fresh and 1-year-old clearcuts treated with mulch on three sites in southern Sweden. Mulch was made of slash from the old stand and applied on whole blocks at three different depths: 0, 10, and 20 cm. Both insecticide-treated and untreated seedlings were planted. By reducing the competing vegetation and improving soil moisture and mineralization, mulching created a favorable growth environment. Mulching significantly improved growth in terms of height, diameter, and volume of the seedlings. Growth continued to increase over time in mulched treatments, probably as an effect of increased nutrient availability. The 20 cm mulch layer generated the greatest increase in growth throughout the 10-year experimental period. Soil moisture was preserved under the isolating mulch layer and during periods of drought soil water potential was significantly higher in mulched treatments. After 2 years, percent cover of competing vegetation was 50%–60% without mulch and 10%–20% with a mulch depth of 20 cm. Insecticide-treated seedlings achieved a survival rate close to 100% in all mulching treatments, whereas survival among untreated seedlings was only 40% on some clearcuts. Mulching alone did not affect survival or abundance of pine weevils.

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