THE EFFECT OF ORCHARD SOIL MANAGEMENT ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND APPLE TREE NUTRITION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
E. J. HOGUE ◽  
B. G. DROUGHT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Plastic Mulching ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Summer Maximum ◽  
Black Plastic

Soil temperature was measured from 1981 to 1985 at 0.2- and 1.0-m depths for four soil management treatments which included full ground cover, total vegetation control, shallow tillage and black plastic mulching in a high-density orchard planted to Bisbee Red Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 26 rootstock. Ground cover suppression treatments, especially black plastic mulching, increased degree day accumulations above 10 °C in all 5 yr at 0.2-m and in 3 yr at 1.0-m depths relative to full ground cover. However, these treatments also resulted in more extreme temperature fluctuations as characterized by higher summer maximum and lower winter minimum temperatures under black plastic mulching. Despite a potential for more extreme soil temperatures, apple yield was significantly higher under black plastic relative to full ground cover. For these two contrasting temperature treatments, leaf N and Mg concentrations were usually significantly higher under black plastic while leaf P and K were consistently higher and leaf Ca and Zn were occasionally higher under full ground cover. Most of these differences were, with the possible exception of leaf Zn, attributed to the competition for, or recycling of, nutrients by orchard floor vegetation. Mean monthly soil temperatures at the two depths under the four soil management treatments could be predicted by simple linear regression techniques from soil temperature measurements at the Summerland Research Station Meteorological Recording Site. Key words: Bisbee Delicious apples, degree days, ground cover, suppression, black plastic mulching, leaf nutrition

EFFECT OF ORCHARD SOIL MANAGEMENT ON THE GROWTH AND LEAF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION OF YOUNG DWARF RED DELICIOUS APPLE TREES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
E. J. HOGUE
Keyword(s):  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Plastic Mulching ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Leaf N

Bisbee Delicious apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 26 rootstock, planted in 1979 on an Osoyoos loamy sand were subjected, commencing in 1981, to five different orchard soil management treatments including full ground cover, early season vegetation control, total vegetation control, black plastic mulching and shallow tillage. All ground cover suppression treatments decreased leaf K and increased leaf Mg, leaf N and yield. With the exception of early season vegetation control, all ground cover suppression treatments decreased leaf P although P was adequate for initial growth. Declines in soil solution Ca, Mg, and K concentration, 1980–1983, were observed regardless of soil management method. Key words: Apples, M.26 rootstock, leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, fruit yield

Diurnal Variations in Soil Temperature under Tea Plants

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Othieno
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Tea Plants

SUMMARYDiurnal variations in soil temperature were measured under tea plants with different kinds of mulches. During the early years after planting temperatures differed, depending on the type of mulch and its heat absorptivity. Black plastic and stone chippings showed the greatest diurnal variations, but the variations disappeared in all treatments when there was a ≥ 60% canopy. Tea plants themselves modify soil temperatures, which could affect growth and yield in places where soil temperatures are generally lower.

Irrigation and ground cover management effect on soil temperature in a mature peach orchard

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 857-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Tan ◽  
R. E. C. Layne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Peach Orchard ◽  
Management Effect ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two irrigation (trickle vs. no irrigation) and two ground cover treatments (temporary cover vs. permanent sod) on soil temperature in a mature peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchard on Fox sand. The soil temperatures at the surface, 5, 10 and 20 cm depths were monitored continuously all-year during 1987 and 1988. Irrigation reduced the fluctuations in soil temperature during summer and winter. The average daily soil temperature in nonirrigated plots during the summer was as high as 34 °C at the soil surface and 28 °C at the 20-cm depth, while corresponding temperatures in irrigated plots were 28 and 26 °C, respectively. The average daily soil temperature in nonirrigated plots without snow cover during the winter was −12 °C at the soil surface and −5 °C at the 20-cm depth, while corresponding temperatures in irrigated plots were −6 and −1 °C, respectively. The effect of irrigation on soil temperature was greatly diminished by snow cover. The soil temperatures at all depths remained around 0 to −2 °C for both nonirrigated and irrigated plots under snow cover, even when the minimum air temperature dropped to −15 °C. The permanent sod cover provided some protection against cold although this effect was masked by snow cover. In the summer, the permanent sod cover reduced average daily soil temperature by 1.5 and 1 °C at the 10 and 20 cm depths. Key words: Prunus persica, snow cover, Fox sand

Soil irrigation and mulching as an effective method of its water regime optimization in the sweet cherry (Cerasus avium Moench.) intense orchards

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
T.V. Maliuk ◽  
◽  
L.V. Kozlova ◽  
N.G. Pcholkina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Cherry Trees

The research is devoted to the study of the southern chornozem water regime formation peculiarities in the sweet cherry orchards (the cultivar Krupnoplidna) under the influence of irrigation and mulching with synthetic and natural materials. The field experiments were conducted in 2016-2020 on the lands in the M.F. Sydorenko Melitopol Research Station of Horticulture of the Institute of Horticulture. The studies provide variants with the use of irrigation and natural moisture combined with different types of mulching materials: black and white agrofiber, straw, sawdust as well as the traditional system of the soil management under black fallow (control). The level of the pre-irrigation soil moisture on the variants with irrigation was 70 % of the least soil moisture in a layer of 0.6 m. Mulching of the sweet cherry trees rows with sawdust, straw and agrofiber under the natural conditions of moisture (without irrigation) did not avoid the lack of moisture in the soil. However, the natural materials (sawdust, straw) utilization caused a reduction in the duration of the periods of the acute lack of moisture and moisture retention of precipitations by 26 % relative to the fallow retention of the soil. But near the trunk strips mulching cannot be a complete alternative to the irrigation in the conditions of the South of Ukraine. Mulching the sweet cherry trees near the trunk strips combined with maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture level within 70 % of the least soil moisture had a significant impact on the drip irrigation regime indices of sweet cherry trees, being combined with irrigation enabled to reduce the number of irrigations and increase the inter-irrigation period, which contributed to water savings of almost 49 %. The greatest savings of the irrigation water was due to the natural materials use for mulching. That provided to savings of water resources, on the average, over three years of research over 36 %. Regarding the soil management influence system on the soil thermal regime, in particular, in the hottest period, it should be noted that mulching with sawdust brought about the lowest soil temperature indices. Thus, the maximum temperature under sawdust and straw was much as lower compared to the black fallow (6-20 0С on the soil surface, 0.5-4.0 °С – at a depth of 10 cm). The soil temperature under black agrofiber in some periods was even higher than under the black fallow by 0.5-3.3 °С.

Effects of Mulches on Soil Temperature and Growth of Tea Plants in Kenya

1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Othieno ◽  
P. M. Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Temperature And Growth ◽  
Tea Plants

SUMMARYFive types of mulches (black plastic, stone chippings and three types of grass) and a control were used on young clonal tea plants following transplanting. Soil temperature differences were observed in the first two years but disappeared when the tea canopy had developed to cover over 40% or more of the soil surface. Stem diameter, yield (during the first two years) and total dry matter production were positively correlated with soil temperatures over the range 14–21°C. Beneficial effects of raising soil temperature by black plastic mulch were short-lived, but the detrimental effect of reducing temperature by grass mulches was more severe and long lasting. Grass mulches induced shallow rooting, as a result of which the tea was more susceptible to drought.

SOIL MANAGEMENT AND VEGETATION EFFECTS ON MEASURED AND ESTIMATED SOIL THERMAL REGIMES IN CANADA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. HAYHOE ◽  
C. TARNOCAI ◽  
L. M. DWYER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperature Regime ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mineral Soils

Observations at sites in British Columbia, the Yukon, Manitoba and Nova Scotia over a range of soils, managements and vegetation were used to assess variation in soil temperature. The annual soil temperature regime was compared with estimates derived from a macroclimate model which was developed for mineral soils that are level, well to moderately well drained, and covered by short grass. In general, this study showed the dampening effect of vegetation cover on soil temperature and suggested the further dampening effect of an organic layer on the soil surface. However, soil temperatures for cultivated and grass sites were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) from the estimates made using the macroclimate model. In contrast, forested sites had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) colder soil temperatures than those estimated by the model. The mean annual and mean summer 0.50 m soil temperatures were, respectively, 1.3 and 3.2 °C colder than the corresponding estimates. Key words: Soil thermal regimes, estimation of soil temperature, mean annual soil temperature

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

Vegetation management on grass-dominated clearcuts planted with Norway spruce in southern Sweden

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Nilsson ◽  
Göran Örlander
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Relative Differences

A field experiment was established between 1989 and 1993 to study the effects of competing vegetation on growth of planted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. Effects of clearcut age, scarification (mounding), herbicide treatment, and seedling stock type were investigated 5 years after planting. On fresh clearcuts, amounts of vegetation were negligible, whereas 2.1-3.7 Mg·ha-1 was found on 4-year-old and older clearcuts. Soil temperatures were about 10% higher in mounds than in undisturbed ground, while herbicide and clearcut age only marginally affected soil temperatures. Seedlings planted on old clearcuts showed significant reductions in growth due to interference from vegetation. Five years after planting, the reduction in growth corresponded to about 1 year's growth. Most of the interaction between seedlings and vegetation occurred during the first 2 years after planting. Thus, scarification was just as effective as repeated herbicide treatments in reducing competition from vegetation. Differences in periods of drought between years could largely explain variation in leading shoot length. However, leading shoot length was affected in the same way irrespective of vegetation control treatments. Five years after planting, the relative differences in diameter between bare-root and containerized seedlings were the same as at the time of planting.

scholarly journals A simple model for predicting soil temperature in snow-covered and seasonally frozen soil: model description and testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rankinen ◽  
T. Karvonen ◽  
D. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract. Microbial processes in soil are moisture, nutrient and temperature dependent and, consequently, accurate calculation of soil temperature is important for modelling nitrogen processes. Microbial activity in soil occurs even at sub-zero temperatures so that, in northern latitudes, a method to calculate soil temperature under snow cover and in frozen soils is required. This paper describes a new and simple model to calculate daily values for soil temperature at various depths in both frozen and unfrozen soils. The model requires four parameters: average soil thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity of soil, specific heat capacity due to freezing and thawing and an empirical snow parameter. Precipitation, air temperature and snow depth (measured or calculated) are needed as input variables. The proposed model was applied to five sites in different parts of Finland representing different climates and soil types. Observed soil temperatures at depths of 20 and 50 cm (September 1981–August 1990) were used for model calibration. The calibrated model was then tested using observed soil temperatures from September 1990 to August 2001. R2-values of the calibration period varied between 0.87 and 0.96 at a depth of 20 cm and between 0.78 and 0.97 at 50 cm. R2-values of the testing period were between 0.87 and 0.94 at a depth of 20cm, and between 0.80 and 0.98 at 50cm. Thus, despite the simplifications made, the model was able to simulate soil temperature at these study sites. This simple model simulates soil temperature well in the uppermost soil layers where most of the nitrogen processes occur. The small number of parameters required means that the model is suitable for addition to catchment scale models. Keywords: soil temperature, snow model

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