The potential cost of environmental certification to vegetation management in plantation forests: a New Zealand case study

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 986-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Rolando ◽  
Michael S. Watt ◽  
Jerzy A. Zabkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Mechanical Control ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Plantation Forests

Plantation forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council have restrictions on herbicide use. Since certified plantations are dependant on herbicides for cost-effective vegetation management, compliance requires a shift from current chemical practices. Using New Zealand plantation forests as a case study, discounted cash flow analyses were used to estimate the cost of certification-compliant vegetation control regimes compared with current non-compliant methods. We examined methods that (i) reduce the quantity of herbicides by using spot control and (ii) avoid the use of herbicides by using weed mats, manual, and mechanical control. Cost analyses were undertaken for low-, medium-, and high-productivity sites. The internal rate of return of the non-compliant regime was between 5% and 5.8% across the productivity range. Spot control was cheaper than current non-compliant practice. However, spot control is limited by site suitability and the availability of labour. Non-chemical control methods were expensive relative to other regimes. Reductions in the internal rate of return varied across low- and high-productivity sites between 0.8% and 0.5% for manual control, 1.3% and 0.8% for mechanical control, and 1.7% and 1.0% for weed mats. Meeting the goals of certification while retaining cost-effective vegetation control presents a challenge to the plantation forestry sector.

Within-site drivers for soil nutrient variability in plantation forests: A case study from dry sub-humid New Zealand

CATENA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 105149
Author(s):  
Serajis Salekin ◽  
Mark Bloomberg ◽  
Justin Morgenroth ◽  
Dean F. Meason ◽  
Euan G. Mason
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Plantation Forests ◽  
Nutrient Variability

scholarly journals Are American Farmers Better Off as a Result of Technology Gains?

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Debertin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Productivity Gains

Commercial farmers remain a primary political force in support of publicly-supported research and educational programs to create productivity gains in crop and livestock production. Have the technical productivity gains brought about by both public and private sector research and educational efforts improved the well being of American farmers? A great number of agricultural scientists believe that they have. Studies have attempted to provide estimates of the internal rate of return and benefit/cost ratios for agricultural research and education. The vast majority of these studies estimate a quite favorable internal rate of return and a high productivity for public-sector agricultural research (Huffman and Just, p. 828). But these studies have focused on rates of return to agricultural research and education for society as a whole, without attempting to determine if these gains accrued to farmers, consumers, or perhaps the agribusiness firms who purchase raw farm commodities from farmers or sell them inputs.

scholarly journals VIABILIDADE DE UM PROJETO FLORESTAL DE Eucalyptus grandis CONSIDERANDO O SEQÜESTRO DE CARBONO

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romualdo Maestri ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sanquetta ◽  
Sebastião Do Amaral Machado ◽  
José Roberto Soares Scolforo ◽  
Ana Paula Dalla Côrte
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Lower Productivity

FLORESTA 34(3), Set/Dez. 2004, 347-360, Curitiba-PR 347 VIABILIDADE DE UM PROJETO FLORESTAL DE Eucalyptus grandis CONSIDERANDO O SEQÜESTRO DE CARBONO Romualdo Maestri1 Carlos Roberto Sanquetta2 Sebastião do Amaral Machado3 José Roberto Soares Scolforo4 Ana Paula Dalla Côrte5RESUMO Foram avaliados cenários econômicos para créditos do seqüestro de carbono em florestas de Eucalyptus grandis na região sudeste e nordeste do Brasil. Curvas de produtividade volumétrica e de carbono em diferentes frações foram obtidas. A análise identificou taxas internas de retorno (TIR) de no máximo 7,7% ao ano para sítios de alta produtividade (38,2 m3.ha-1.ano-1). Se a biomassa total da floresta (radicular e aérea) for considerada, a TIR acima de 6% ao ano são possíveis mesmo para produtividades menores (30 m3.ha-1.ano-1). Assim, seria necessária uma remuneração de US$ 25,00/t para que o empreendimento atingisse remuneração de 6% ao ano quando o seqüestro de carbono fosse objetivo de negócio e para produtividade volumétrica de 24 m3.ha-1.ano-1 ou US$ 15,50/t para produtividade de 38,2 m3.ha-1.ano-1. Se considerada a venda da porção lenhosa do tronco, então seria possível auferir a mesma rentabilidade ao preço de US$ 12,00/t para produtividades acima de 34,7 m3.ha-1.ano-1. FEASIBILITY OF A FOREST PROJECT OF Eucalyptus grandis TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CARBON SINK Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate some economic scenarios for carbon sink through Eucalyptus grandis stands forest projects in southeastern and northeastern Brazil. Below and above ground stored carbon and biomass were obtained through dbh class growth and yield empirical models as functions of different environmental conditions. The analisys was identificed internal rate of return (IRR) above 7.7% per annum for stands at high productivity sites (38.2 m3.ha-1.year-1). If below and aboveground stored carbon is considered, an IRR greater than 6% pa. may be achieved even at lower productivity sites (30 m3.ha-1.year-1). It would be necessary a carbon price of US$ 25.00/t to match an IRR of 6% pa at low productivity sites (24 m3.ha-1.year-1) and US$ 15.50/t at high ones (38.2 m3.ha-1.year-1). Additionally, if stem biomass was also traded in the wood market, carbon price of US$ 12.00/t would allow to achieve the same IRR.

Vegetation management practices in plantation forests of Australia and New Zealand

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1989-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Richardson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Plantation Forests

Radiata pine (Pinusradiata D. Don) is the predominant species in plantation forests of Australia and New Zealand. Removal or suppression of noncrop vegetation is often carried out to enhance crop growth and survival by reducing competition for water, light, and nutrients. Other reasons for vegetation removal include microclimate modification, providing access into stands, and fire hazard reduction. Many studies have demonstrated large increases in crop growth from removing noncrop vegetation. Vegetation management can also mean introducing noncrop species to improve site quality, to suppress unwanted species, or to provide fodder for grazing. While herbicides are still the most widely used weed control tool, nonchemical methods are of increasing importance. The role of machinery is likely to increase in both countries as the use of fire for vegetation management and general site preparation declines. To calculate the long-term cost–benefit of vegetation management, a better understanding of the crop growth response to these treatments is essential. This requires experiments that focus on the role of both crop and noncrop species in hydrological and nutrient cycles. Personal computer based decision support systems are likely to play an increasing role as an aid to cost-effective vegetation management decision making.

scholarly journals The Energy, Economic and Environmental Efficiency of a PV Installation Cooperating with a Heat Pumpin the Central Part of Europe. Case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Wciślik ◽  
Dagmara Kotrys-Działak
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Central Heating

The paper addresses an analysis of the efficiency and profitability of the operation of a photovoltaic installation located in the geometric centre of Europe (near Białystok, Poland), where the intensity of solar irradiation is not too high compared to other European countries. It is calculated that in that place average solar irradiation being lower even by approx. 26 kWh than that for the whole Europe, which results in a 26% drop in the economic potential of the utilisation of solar energy for its conversion. A case study and an economic analysis show that without minimum funding amounting to 50% of the investment costs paid for the modernisation of a central heating system assisted by PV cells, the time of return of pecuniary expenditures exceeds 7 years. Apart from the Simple Pay-Back Time SPBT, discount indicators determined in the paper also include the net present value NPV and the internal rate of return IRR. Moreover, a direct ecological effect has been determined for such an investment.

scholarly journals GESTÃO DE CUSTOS E ENERGIA: EVIDÊNCIAS, OPORTUNIDADES E RESULTADOS OBTIDOS EM UM CASO CONCRETO

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Nilmaer Souza da Silva ◽  
César Daltóe Berci
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Organizational Costs

The acquisition of electricity in the Free Contracting Environment -FCE -is a consolidated alternative of cost reduction, since it allows the previous contracting of the energy to be consumed at a freely negotiated price among market players.The objective of this study was to demonstrate, through a case study, how the acquisition of electric energy in the FCEcan help reduce organizational costs and generate significant economic results.Methodologically, it was an explanatory research, with quanti-qualitative approach, whose instruments of data collection were the bibliographical research and documentary analysis coming from a case study. The analysis of the data occurred through electronic spreadsheets, graphics, and, finally, content and comparative analysis. The results demonstrate the cost reduction, of theR$ 5,000,000.00 (fivemillion “reais”),a lower payback in less than two months, and also an Internal Rate of Return -IRR -of 365%.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of Decorative Plant Business in Kendari City (Case Study on Dahlia Ornamental Plant Business)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Rabiatul Adawiah Gasnawati ◽  
Abdi Abdi ◽  
Awaluddin Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Benefit Ratio

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of ornamental plant business in Kendari City as a case study on dahlia ornamental plant business. This research was conducted in Kendari City which was determined purposively on the dahlia ornamental plant business. The research was conducted from July to November 2019. The analysis used in this study is an analysis of efficiency and income consisting of net present value (NPV) income benefit ratio (NBCR), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (PBP). The results of the sensitivity analysis of ornamental plant businesses with increased production costs by 5% and selling prices decreased by 5%, the value of the NPV, NBCR, IRR and payback period shows a good value so that the ornamental plant business is feasible to be cultivated because it can return all investment costs used

scholarly journals TINGKAT KELAYAKAN OPERASIONAL KAPAL PERIKANAN 30 GT PADA PERAIRAN SULAWESI (STUDI KASUS KM INKA MINA 957) The Operational Feasibility Level of 30 GT Fishing Vessel in Sulawesi Waters (case study of KM INKA MINA 957)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Andi Haris Muhammad ◽  
Daeng Paroka ◽  
Sabaruddin Rahman ◽  
` Syarifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
Market Interest Rate

<p><em>The ability of a vessel to obtain catches is known as fishing vessel productivity. This greatly influences the feasibility level of the fishing operation. The objctive of the study is to evaluate the operational feasiblity level of 30 GT fishing vessel that operates in Sulawesi waters (case study INKA MINA 957). The use of  Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods showed that the catch should be of more than minimum 116 ton per year or the NPV value at  Rp. 124.797.638,- with 10% interest rate assumption within 10 years. Furthermore, based on the internal rate of return (IRR) the interest obtained was approximately 12.2% which was higher than the market interest rate assumptions at about 2.2%</em><em>.</em> <em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>fishing vessel, operational feasibility, NPV and IRR</em></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="Abstrakisi">Produktivitas kapal perikanan adalah kemampuan kapal untuk memperoleh hasil tangkapan ikan. Produktivitas ini sangat mempengaruhi tingkat kelayakan operasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat kelayakan operasional kapal perikanan 30 GT yang beroperasi di perairan Sulawesi (studi kasus KM INKA MINA 957). Metode <em>Net Present Value (NPV)</em> dan <em>Internal Rate of Return (IRR)</em> telah digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kelayakan operasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kapal perikanan layak dioperasikan dengan prediksi hasil tangkapan minimal sebesar 116 ton pertahun atau nilai <em>NPV</em> sebesar Rp.124.797.638,- dengan asumsi suku bunga 10% selama 10 tahun. Selanjutnya berdasarkan Metode <em>IRR</em> diperoleh suku bunga 12,2%, hasil ini lebih besar 2,2% sebagaimana asumsi suku bunga dipasaran.</p><p><em><strong>Kata kunci:</strong> kapal perikanan, kelayakan operasional, <em>NPV</em> dan <em>IRR</em><br /></em></p>

Principles for maximising operator efficiency and return on investment in rotary dairies

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Edwards ◽  
J. G. Jago ◽  
N. Lopez-Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Potential Operator ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Farm

This study quantified the effect of rotary size, platform speed, cluster attachment time, milk yield and end-of-milking criteria on cow throughput, operator efficiency and return on investment. A model was developed to predict the mean and standard deviation of cow milking duration for a given milk yield using milking data collected from commercial dairy farms in New Zealand. After accounting for the effect of end-of-milking criteria, this estimate was used to calculate the expected cow throughput and operator efficiency for a given platform speed, rotary size and cluster attachment time. The economic return of investing in rotaries of 44–80 bails, relative to a 40-bail rotary, was evaluated using a 25-year internal rate of return. The economic return of installing automatic cluster removers (ACR) was also examined. Estimated cow throughput increased with increasing platform speed and ACR threshold for a 50-bail rotary (a common rotary size) and the largest single gain in cow throughput came from changing the ACR threshold from 0.2 to 0.4 kg/min. Further increases had less impact, especially at lower platform speeds. However, for larger rotaries, maximum operator efficiency could be achieved using a variety of platform speeds and end-of-milking criteria. A larger rotary was required to achieve maximum potential operator efficiency, for a given cluster attachment time, as milk yield was increased. Increasing the minimum cluster attachment time decreased maximum potential operator efficiency. Consequently, operator ability and anticipated milk yield are key parameters when selecting the number of bails in a new-build rotary. Seventy- and 80-bail rotaries were generally not more operator efficient than 60-bail rotaries. Economically, the 50-bail rotary allowed the greatest labour saving per dollar invested for a typical farm conversion in Canterbury, New Zealand, although the ultimate choice of rotary size depends on the individual farm situation. The internal rate of return for installing ACR decreased with increasing rotary size, but was always positive. Farmers should carefully evaluate their options before investing in a new rotary.

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