THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON SHOCK PRODUCED BY A CLAMPING PROCEDURE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. E. Haist ◽  
Rebeka Moscarello ◽  
T. L. Friedlich ◽  
J. R. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Standard Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The influence of environmental temperature on the development of shock produced by a clamping technique in rats was studied. In experiments in which the animals were subjected to different environmental temperatures during the period of limb ischemia, the best survival was obtained with an air temperature of 15 °C. At 9.5 °C and 40 °C the rats did not survive the 10-hour clamping period. When the clamping was carried out at a standard temperature (27 °C) and the rats were then transferred to a room at different temperatures just prior to clamp release, the best survival was obtained at or near a temperature of 24 °C. The temperature in the colon of the shocked rats fell quickly in a cooler environment and rose in a warmer one. When chlorpromazine (0.35 mg/100 g rat) was given at the time of clamp removal to rats kept thereafter at 9.4 °C, 20–21 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, survival was significantly prolonged at air temperatures of 20–21 °C, but not at 9.4 °C, 24 °C, or 30 °C. Changes in humidity had no significant influence on survival. The experiments show that the optimum temperature during the period of ischemia is different from that for hindering the development of shock following a period of ischemia.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON SHOCK PRODUCED BY A CLAMPING PROCEDURE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. E. Haist ◽  
Rebeka Moscarello ◽  
T. L. Friedlich ◽  
J. R. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Standard Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The influence of environmental temperature on the development of shock produced by a clamping technique in rats was studied. In experiments in which the animals were subjected to different environmental temperatures during the period of limb ischemia, the best survival was obtained with an air temperature of 15 °C. At 9.5 °C and 40 °C the rats did not survive the 10-hour clamping period. When the clamping was carried out at a standard temperature (27 °C) and the rats were then transferred to a room at different temperatures just prior to clamp release, the best survival was obtained at or near a temperature of 24 °C. The temperature in the colon of the shocked rats fell quickly in a cooler environment and rose in a warmer one. When chlorpromazine (0.35 mg/100 g rat) was given at the time of clamp removal to rats kept thereafter at 9.4 °C, 20–21 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, survival was significantly prolonged at air temperatures of 20–21 °C, but not at 9.4 °C, 24 °C, or 30 °C. Changes in humidity had no significant influence on survival. The experiments show that the optimum temperature during the period of ischemia is different from that for hindering the development of shock following a period of ischemia.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE EMERGENCE BEHAVIOUR OF ANAX JUNIUS (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Trottier
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Anax Junius ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Three Stages

AbstractEmergence from the water of Anax junius Drury normally occurred after sunset. The onset was affected independently by water temperature and air temperature; low water temperature and high air temperature delayed the onset of emergence. In the field, the net vrtical distance travelled above the water, before ecdysis, was positively correlated with air temperature. In the laboratory, the vertical distance travelled above the water was greatest when air and water temperatures were approximately the same. The average speed of climbing to the first resting position above the water surface was faster at high than low water temperature, but the average speed of climbing from there to the final position, where ecdysis occurred, was reduced due to the effects of air temperature and humidity. Air temperatures below 12.6 °C were found to retard ecdysis and larvae returned to the water and emerged early the following day making the final process of emergence and ecdysis diurnal instead of nocturnal. The duration of ecdysis was shorter at high than low air temperatures and only the first three stages, as arbitrarily defined, were longer at low than high relative humidity; stage 4, shortened with low relative humidity. This study shows that A. Junius, emerging from the water is affected at first by the temperature experienced when submerged, but it becomes gradually and cumulatively affected by air temperature and humidity while climbing to the ecdysial position and moulting.

The Experimental Research of Environmental Temperature and Humidity Control Index of Tobacco Shred Store Room

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1085-1089
Author(s):  
Yong Chao Jin ◽  
Zi Fu Liu ◽  
Jing Jing Song ◽  
Ying Lu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Humidity Control ◽  
Moisture Balance ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Store Room

The climate change of different seasons brings significant effects to the air temperature and humidity of tobacco shred store room, leads fluctuations of moisture rate of stored tobacco shred and easily leads to the unsteady of products qualities as well as wastages. With the experimental research of environmental temperature and humidity changes of tobacco shred store room and producing wastages, analysis the data of temperature, time and moisture changes of stored tobacco shred and producing wastages, and demonstrates that, when the environmental temperature and humidity control index of stored tobacco shred is at 26~30°C/60~68%RH, it is good for the alcoholization of tobacco shred and stability of moisture balance, and reduce the online wastages on the certain degree.

Influence of stocking rate and faeces deposition in the pen at different temperatures on skatole concentration (boar taint) in subcutaneous fat

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Hansen ◽  
A. E. Larsen ◽  
B. B. Jensen ◽  
J. Hansen-Møller ◽  
P. Barton-Gade
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Gaseous Form

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigatethe effect of stockingrate (0·6 m2 per pig or ≥1·2 m2 per pig) and faeces plus urine deposition on skatole concentration (boar taint)in subcutaneousfat. The study utilized pens with concrete flooring and different environmental temperatures.The experimental material consisted of 144 cross bred male and female pigs in each of two experiments. One experiment was carried out in the summer (temperature ≥ 22°C) and one in the winter (temperature approx. 17°C in the pig house). In both experiments, stocking rate and faeces deposition were kept constant up to first delivery to the abattoir. Then stocking rate and faeces deposition were changed to the opposite treatment a week before the last three of the four deliveries to the abattoir.The experiment confirmed the hypothesis that the pigs which lay in their faeces plusurine in pens with the high stocking rate for at least a week had a higher skatole level in subcutaneous fat than pigs kept clean in pens with the low stocking rate. It was feasible within a week before slaughter to increase or lower the skatole level by changing the treatment of the pigs.Male and female pigs showed similar differences. Air temperature (season) had a significant influence on skatole level. The level was significantly higher in subcutaneous fat at hight emperatures in the summer experiment compared to the winter experiment despite the fact that the pigs with high stocking rate in the winte rexperiment were as heavily fouled with faeces and urine as those in the summer experiment.Skatole concentrations in faeces of individual pigs were not influenced by different temperatures or treatments, and there was no significant correlation between the skatole level in faeces and in subcutaneous fat.High skatole levels in subcutaneous fat seemed to have a genetic component.It is hypothesized that skatole from faeces plusurine (excreta) especially at temperatures of 30° Cor more may pass through the skin of the pig and/or that skatole in a gaseous form may be absorbed through the lungs.

The cold tolerance of beef and dairy type calves in the first weeks of life

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. G. Gordon ◽  
R. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
External Insulation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Tissue Insulation

ABSTRACT1. British Friesian (F) and Hereford × British Friesian (H × F) male calves were raised from about 3 days to 8 weeks of age at air temperatures of 5, 10 or 15°C. They were given a milk replacer diet supplying 950 kJ metabolizable energy/kg M0·75.24 h.2. There was no effect of environmental temperature on weight gain in calves of either type.3. Total heat loss measured in a direct calorimeter, increased by about 5 kJ/kg M0·75.24 h per °C fall in air temperature. It was the same whether calves were penned singly or in pairs. Heat loss from F calves was slightly, but not significantly, greater at all temperatures than from H × F calves.4. The proportion of heat lost by evaporation (a measure of environmental warmth) increased with increasing air temperature and was greater for H × F than for F calves at 15°C.5. Tissue insulation and external insulation values were similar for H × F and F calves. The calculated lower critical temperatures of the F and H × F calves were 10 and 8°C respectively.6. The results are discussed in relation to the housing requirements of young calves.

scholarly journals Measurements of natural airflow within a Stevenson screen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen David Burt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Stevenson Screen

Abstract. Climate science depends upon accurate measurements of air temperature and humidity, the majority of which are still derived from sensors exposed within passively-ventilated louvred Stevenson-type thermometer screens. It is well-documented that, under certain circumstances, air temperatures measured within such screens can differ significantly from ‘true’ air temperatures measured by other methods, such as aspirated sensors. Passively-ventilated screens depend upon wind motion to provide ventilation within the screen, and thus airflow over the sensors contained therein. Consequently, instances of anomalous temperatures occur most often during light winds when airflow through the screen is weakest, particularly when in combination with strong or low-angle incident solar radiation. Adequate ventilation is essential for reliable and consistent measurements of both air temperature and humidity, yet very few systematic comparisons to quantify relationships between external wind speed and airflow within a thermometer screen have been made. This paper addresses that gap by summarising the results of a three month field experiment in which airflow within a UK-standard Stevenson screen was measured using a sensitive sonic anemometer, and comparisons made using simultaneous wind speed and direction records from the same site. The average in-screen ventilation rate was found to be 0.2 m s−1, well below the 1 m s−1 minimum assumed in meteorological and design standard references, and only about 7 % of the scalar mean wind speed at 10 m. The implications of low in-screen ventilation on the uncertainty of air temperature and humidity measurements from Stevenson-type thermometer screens are discussed, particularly those due to the differing response times of dry- and wet-bulb temperature sensors, and ambiguity in the value of the psychrometric coefficient.

The effects of environmental temperature and feeding pattern on the performance of artificially-reared lambs fed cold milk substitute

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
P. D. Penning
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Similar Growth

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out using lambs reared from 1 day to 23 days of age on milk substitute given either ad libitum or at a restricted rate of 250 g dry matter per day, in rooms maintained at three temperatures, 7, 14 and 21°C.Lambs fed milk substitute ad libitum showed similar growth rates (about 365 g per day) at all environmental air temperatures. Total dry-matter intake of milk substitute per lamb over 22 days was slightly higher in those kept in an environmental air temperature of 7°C. The efficiency of lambs in the 7°C environment was lower than those in the 14 and 21°C environments.When dry-matter intake was held constant, at the restricted level, growth rate increased linearly between 237 and 265 g per day as the environmental air temperature was increased.At each of these temperature levels the restricted-rate lambs were more efficient than the respective lambs fed ad libitum.

Effect of environmental temperature on metabolic changes following physical injury

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
R. E. Haist ◽  
Rosemary D. Hawkins ◽  
Georgine V. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Rats in shock resulting from limb ischemia showed no significant differences in the rise in blood nonprotein nitrogen when kept at different environmental temperatures after the period of limb ischemia. Under these conditions the elevation in blood inorganic phosphorus was inversely related to the environmental temperature. In the shocked rats the tolerance for orally administered carbohydrate was less and the hepatic glycogen values were higher at 21°-32°C than at 10°C. However, at similar times the residue of reducing substances in the gut was greater at 10°C than at 21°-32°C. There was no significant difference in the tolerance for intravenously administered glucose at 10°, 20° and 30°C in the shocked rats, but control rats, with clamps left in position, showed a significantly better tolerance at 10°C than at 20° or 30°C. Under the conditions used, environmental temperature had little influence on blood N.P.N. changes in shock, but did influence the blood inorganic phosphorus levels and the tolerance for orally administered carbohydrate. Submitted on July 16, 1959

scholarly journals Validity and reproducibility of commercial cycling power meters in hot and cold environmental temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Robert Shute ◽  
Roksana Zak ◽  
Dustin Slivka
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Power meters are a training tool used to help cyclists improve performance by objectively monitoring intensity.  Some power meters are well established and validated, whereas others are relatively new.  Most power meters have been tested for validity and reliability in laboratory and field settings of similar conditions; however, the reproducibility of these power meters across different temperatures has not been established. To examine the potential differences of the CompuTrainer, PowerTap, Stages, and Vector power meters in hot and cold compared to a room temperature environment. Recreationally trained male (n=7) and female (n=3) participants each completed three incremental cycling trials in hot (33°C), cold (7°C), or room temperature (RT, 20°C) conditions.  The power meters were placed on a standard road bicycle and power output was logged and recorded. The CompuTrainer was higher in the room temperature trial compared to the cold and the hot, but not between the hot and cold trial.  The PowerTap was not different in RT and cold, but was lower in hot compared to RT and compared to cold.  The Stages was not different between RT and cold, but was lower in the hot compared to RT and compared to cold.  The Vector was not different between RT and cold but was lower in the hot compared to RT and compared to cold.  These data indicate that environmental temperature may affect the reproducibility of power meters.  It is important to recognize the potential differences between temperatures when choosing a power meter.

scholarly journals Temperature and Humidity of Expired Air of Sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Johnson ◽  
SM Callahan ◽  
R Strack
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Deep Body ◽  
Expired Air

The temperature and humidity of expired air from three adult Merino sheep were measured at air temperatures of 20, 30 and 40�C before and after the animals were shorn. Expired air was apparently always saturated with water vapour. At the higher air temperatures the temperature of expired air was close to deep body temperature; at lower air temperatures, expired air had been significantly cooled, e.g. to 32� 3�C in shorn sheep at 20�C air temperature. Expired air was cooler from shorn than from unshorn animals at 20 and 30�C air temperature, possibly due to thermally induced vasomotor changes in the upper respiratory tract. Cooling of expired air would be expected to lead to recovery of some of the water evaporated during inspiration; at 20�C air temperature, this fraction was estimated to be 25% in unshorn sheep and 36% in shorn sheep.

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