Influence of stocking rate and faeces deposition in the pen at different temperatures on skatole concentration (boar taint) in subcutaneous fat

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Hansen ◽  
A. E. Larsen ◽  
B. B. Jensen ◽  
J. Hansen-Møller ◽  
P. Barton-Gade
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Gaseous Form

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigatethe effect of stockingrate (0·6 m2 per pig or ≥1·2 m2 per pig) and faeces plus urine deposition on skatole concentration (boar taint)in subcutaneousfat. The study utilized pens with concrete flooring and different environmental temperatures.The experimental material consisted of 144 cross bred male and female pigs in each of two experiments. One experiment was carried out in the summer (temperature ≥ 22°C) and one in the winter (temperature approx. 17°C in the pig house). In both experiments, stocking rate and faeces deposition were kept constant up to first delivery to the abattoir. Then stocking rate and faeces deposition were changed to the opposite treatment a week before the last three of the four deliveries to the abattoir.The experiment confirmed the hypothesis that the pigs which lay in their faeces plusurine in pens with the high stocking rate for at least a week had a higher skatole level in subcutaneous fat than pigs kept clean in pens with the low stocking rate. It was feasible within a week before slaughter to increase or lower the skatole level by changing the treatment of the pigs.Male and female pigs showed similar differences. Air temperature (season) had a significant influence on skatole level. The level was significantly higher in subcutaneous fat at hight emperatures in the summer experiment compared to the winter experiment despite the fact that the pigs with high stocking rate in the winte rexperiment were as heavily fouled with faeces and urine as those in the summer experiment.Skatole concentrations in faeces of individual pigs were not influenced by different temperatures or treatments, and there was no significant correlation between the skatole level in faeces and in subcutaneous fat.High skatole levels in subcutaneous fat seemed to have a genetic component.It is hypothesized that skatole from faeces plusurine (excreta) especially at temperatures of 30° Cor more may pass through the skin of the pig and/or that skatole in a gaseous form may be absorbed through the lungs.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON SHOCK PRODUCED BY A CLAMPING PROCEDURE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. E. Haist ◽  
Rebeka Moscarello ◽  
T. L. Friedlich ◽  
J. R. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Standard Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The influence of environmental temperature on the development of shock produced by a clamping technique in rats was studied. In experiments in which the animals were subjected to different environmental temperatures during the period of limb ischemia, the best survival was obtained with an air temperature of 15 °C. At 9.5 °C and 40 °C the rats did not survive the 10-hour clamping period. When the clamping was carried out at a standard temperature (27 °C) and the rats were then transferred to a room at different temperatures just prior to clamp release, the best survival was obtained at or near a temperature of 24 °C. The temperature in the colon of the shocked rats fell quickly in a cooler environment and rose in a warmer one. When chlorpromazine (0.35 mg/100 g rat) was given at the time of clamp removal to rats kept thereafter at 9.4 °C, 20–21 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, survival was significantly prolonged at air temperatures of 20–21 °C, but not at 9.4 °C, 24 °C, or 30 °C. Changes in humidity had no significant influence on survival. The experiments show that the optimum temperature during the period of ischemia is different from that for hindering the development of shock following a period of ischemia.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON SHOCK PRODUCED BY A CLAMPING PROCEDURE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. E. Haist ◽  
Rebeka Moscarello ◽  
T. L. Friedlich ◽  
J. R. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Standard Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The influence of environmental temperature on the development of shock produced by a clamping technique in rats was studied. In experiments in which the animals were subjected to different environmental temperatures during the period of limb ischemia, the best survival was obtained with an air temperature of 15 °C. At 9.5 °C and 40 °C the rats did not survive the 10-hour clamping period. When the clamping was carried out at a standard temperature (27 °C) and the rats were then transferred to a room at different temperatures just prior to clamp release, the best survival was obtained at or near a temperature of 24 °C. The temperature in the colon of the shocked rats fell quickly in a cooler environment and rose in a warmer one. When chlorpromazine (0.35 mg/100 g rat) was given at the time of clamp removal to rats kept thereafter at 9.4 °C, 20–21 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, survival was significantly prolonged at air temperatures of 20–21 °C, but not at 9.4 °C, 24 °C, or 30 °C. Changes in humidity had no significant influence on survival. The experiments show that the optimum temperature during the period of ischemia is different from that for hindering the development of shock following a period of ischemia.

Short time effect of zinc bacitracin and heavy fouling with faeces plus urine on boar taint

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Hansen ◽  
A. E. Larsen ◽  
B. B. Jensen ◽  
J. Hansen-Møller
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Concrete Floor ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin ◽  
Short Time

AbstractThe aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a short-term addition of an antibiotic food additive (50 mg zinc bacitracin per kg food) on skatole concentration in faeces, blood (vena jugularis) and backfat of boars kept under two housing conditions at summer temperatures. They were kept clean or were heavily fouled with faeces plus urine. The experimental material consisted of six litters in each of four replicates, in total 24 litters, each litter of four boars. Fourteen days before slaughter the boars were distributed to the four treatments in four equally large pens according to litter and start weight. Two pens had a wholly slatted floor and two pens had a concrete floor, and each pen held six boars allowing 0·6 m2 per boar. All boars were kept at high pig house temperatures (22°C). In the two wholly slatted-floor pens the boars were kept very clean and in the two concrete floor pens boars were kept heavily fouled with faeces and urine during the final 14 days before slaughter. Boars in half the pens of both floor types were given an antibiotic food additive (50 mg zinc bacitracin per kg food) in the last week before slaughter.Administration of the food additive zinc bacitracin significantly decreased the skatole level in blood and backfat in both clean and dirty boars when used for 3 and 7 days before slaughter. The experiment further confirmed that boars at high stocking rate and lying in copious amounts of warm faeces and urine at temperatures of 25°C or more, for at least a week, had higher indole and skatole levels in blood and subcutaneous fat than pigs which were kept clean. The androstenone concentration in backfat was not significantly influenced by either of the two treatments. A highly significant correlation between skatole in blood (vena jugularis) and in backfat was found at the day of slaughter (r = 0·98).

Comparative Labelling and Biokinetic Studies of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn)

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Agha ◽  
R. B. R. Persson
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Reduction Step ◽  
Labelling Yield ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryGelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTcchelate and reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc in preparations of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The labelling yield of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) chelate was as high as 90—95% when 100 μmol EDTA · H4 and 0.5 (Amol SnCl2 was incubated with 10 ml 99mTceluate for 30—60 min at room temperature. The study of the influence of the pH-value on the fraction of 99mTc-EDTA shows that pH 2.8—2.9 gave the best labelling yield. In a comparative study of the labelling kinetics of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc- DTPA(Sn) at different temperatures (7, 22 and 37°C), no significant influence on the reduction step was found. The rate constant for complex formation, however, increased more rapidly with increased temperature for 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). At room temperature only a few minutes was required to achieve a high labelling yield with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) whereas about 60 min was required for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn). Comparative biokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the maximum activity in kidneys is achieved after 12 min with 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) but already after 6 min with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The long-term disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) from the kidneys is about five times faster than that for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn).

scholarly journals Sleep Deprivation and Academic Performance of Nursing Students in a Tertiary Institution in Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Regina Etita Ella ◽  
Felicia Ekwok Lukpata ◽  
Josephine L-U Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Tertiary Institution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State

This study investigated sleep deprivation and academic performance on nursing students of University of Calabar. A self-structured instrument was administered to a sample of 109 students. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Most, 55(50.5. %) of the respondents start depriving themselves of sleep immediately after resumption. On school days, most 53 (48.6%) respondents sleep for 1–3 hours on average; while 40(36.7%) respondents sleep for 4–6 hours on average. During weekends most, 69(63.3%) respondents sleep for 4-6 hours on average, however, during examinations, majority 73(67. %), sleep for 1–3 hours on average. 64(58.6%) take different substances to keep awake. More male 69(63.3%) respondents start depriving themselves of sleep immediately after resumption, as against 50(46%) female respondents. Male students have an average sleep of 5.02 hours during schools days; 5.07 hours during weekends, and 2.39 hours during examinations, while female students have an average sleep of 5.25 hours during schools days, 5.43 hours during weekends, and 4.77 hours during examinations. Male students have a lower mean (SD) hours of sleep of (4.16±.35) compared to female students mean (SD) hours of (5.15±.49). The result further showed a statistically significant relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance, also, a statistically significant influence of sleep deprivation on academic performance of male and female nursing students. Recommendations: nursing students should be properly counseled on the importance of adequate sleep to their academic performance. They should only deprive themselves of sleep during school days and less during examination.

Digestion in Ascidians and the Influence of Temperature

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-292
Author(s):  
N. J. BERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pass Through

1. The mechanism of feeding and digestion in the Pyurid Ascidians Tethyum pyriforme americanum and Boltenia ovifera is described. 2. The structure and histology of the "liver" is described and it is shown that it is primarily an organ of secretion. 3. It is found that the only digestive enzymes are those poured into the gut by the liver, and consist of a powerful amylase, a protease, a very weak lipase, and also an invertase, a maltase, and a lactase. 4. The brownish pigment of the liver gives reactions with acids somewhat like those of bile pigment. There is no trace of bile salts, however, nor of cholesterol. 5. The amylase has an activity range from pH 6.0 topic pH 8.5 with an optimum near pH 7.5. The protease is active from pH 6.0 to above pH 10.0. A similar protease is secreted by Molgula citrina and Ascidia prunum. 6. The relative strengths of the amylase and protease are compared, the amylase being very much the stronger. 7. While experiments of brief duration indicate an optimum temperature for enzyme activity above 40° C, the more prolonged the experiments the lower does the optimum become. Whatever the optimum may be after an experiment of 2 hours' duration, it falls about 20° C. during the next 45 hours, if the experiments be so prolonged. 8. At 15° C. and at 10° C. the food takes about 35 and 55 hours respectively to pass through the alimentary canal, and at 50 C. somewhere between 70 and 90 hours. These temperatures approximately cover the normal range in temperature of the environment, and therefore of the animal itself. 9. From experiments lasting 33 hours the optimum temperature for enzyme activity was found to be about 17° C.; that is, within one or two degrees of the body temperature. From experiments lasting 57 hours the optimum temperature was found to be about 13° C ; that is, within three degrees of the body temperature. 10. These temperature optima not only represent the relative amounts of substrate converted at different temperatures, but also represent the absolute amounts converted and convertible. 11. The enzymes, amylase and protease, are two-thirds to three-quarters destroyed during their period of activity within the alimentary canal of the animal, and in order to utilise the remainder the digestion mixture would have to be retained within the canal for twice as long a time. 12. Therefore it seems probable that the organism in making such a compromise between a high activity of the enzyme and its economical use is working to a maximum efficiency; and it is possible that a permanent increase in the stability of the digestive enzymes would be turned to advantage through a more prolonged retention of the food within the gut.

scholarly journals Growth performance, body measurements, carcass composition and some internal organ characteristics in young Pekin ducks

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Steczny ◽  
D. Kokoszynski ◽  
Z. Bernacki ◽  
R. Wasilewski ◽  
M. Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Pekin Duck ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Males And Females

The aim of the study was to compare the bodyweight and body measurements, carcass composition, and characteristics of major visceral organs in male and female Pekin ducks. A total of 80 hybrid SM3 Heavy ducks were kept in a conventional building and fed complete commercial diets ad libitum. The male and female were weighed individually at one day old and their bodyweight and body measurements were determined at 21, 35 and 49 days of rearing. On day 49, 20 males and 20 females were chosen for slaughter. After slaughter, the carcasses and visceral organs were collected. No significant differences were observed between males and females in bodyweight (1 d, 58.6 vs 56.3 g to 49 d, 3518 vs 3433 g) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (0–49 d, 2.44 vs 2.49 kg/kg gain). At 35 days old males demonstrated a significantly longer body and shanks and, at 49 days old a significantly longer body than females. The sex of ducks had no significant effect on the percentage of wings, muscles from breast and legs, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat and carcass remainder. The neck content was significantly greater in male carcasses than female ones. The contents of proventriculus, liver, and spleen in the bodies of males and females were similar. Gizzard percentage was significantly greater in males, and heart percentage was significantly greater in females. Due to their high bodyweight, good FCR, and favourable carcass composition, SM3 Heavy male ducks are more useful as broiler duck than females.Keywords: carcasses, digestive system, growth, Pekin duck, sex

Genetic components of growth and ultrasonic fat depth traits in Meishan and Large White pigs and their reciprocal crosses

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Haley ◽  
E. d'Agaro ◽  
M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGenes from the Chinese Meishan pig have the potential to enhance reproductive performance of European pigs. In order to allow prediction of the impact of Meishan genes in a range of alternative improvement programmes all traits of economic importance must be evaluated and genetic crossbreeding effects estimated. Entire male and female pigs of four genotypes, purebred Meishan (MS) and Large White (LW) pigs and both reciprocal Fl crossbred genotypes (MS ♂ × LW ♀ and LW ♂ × MS ♀), were farrowed in Edinburgh and subsequently performance tested at either Edinburgh or Newcastle. In Edinburgh, animals were penned in groups of four and fed ad libitum between pen mean weights of approximately 30 and 80 kg. At the end of test fat depths at the shoulder, last rib and loin were measured ultrasonically. In Newcastle, animals were penned in groups of six and fed ad libitum between pen mean weights of approximately 30 and 70 kg. Genotypic means and genetic crossbreeding effects (additive and heterosis direct effects and additive maternal effects) were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood.When compared with the LW, the direct additive effect of genes from the MS produced increased growth rate up to the time of weaning, no change in growth rate between weaning and start of test and greatly reduced growth rate during the performance test. The maternal additive effect of genes from the MS was to reduce growth rate up to the time of weaning, with little effect thereafter. There was substantial direct heterosis for growth rate in all periods measured, but heterosis was less in males than in females during the performance test. The combined effect was such that, within sex, the LW and the two crossbred genotypes were of similar ages when they reached 70 and 80 kg, but MS pigs were 38 to 60 days older. The direct additive effect of MS genes was to increase subcutaneous fat levels and there was little evidence for the effects of maternal genes or direct heterosis on these traits. There was a direct additive effect of MS genes reducing food intake and increasing food conversion ratio and there was direct heterosis for increased food intake. There were significant interactions between genotype and sex. Male and female LW pigs had a similar performance but male MS pigs had slower growth rates on the performance test with lower food intakes, food conversion ratios and subcutaneous fat levels than the females.

Sex difference in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat and human adipocytes

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (3) ◽  
pp. E211-E215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Foley ◽  
A. Kashiwagi ◽  
H. Chang ◽  
T. P. Huecksteadt ◽  
S. Lillioja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Female Subjects

In an effort to determine whether differences in basal and maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport by isolated adipocytes are a function of donor sex, we measured glucose transport rates in the absence and presence of 8 nM insulin in adipocytes isolated from the abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue of nine male and ten female subjects with varying degrees of obesity and in adipocytes isolated from the abdominal subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat tissue of (180-220 g) male and female rats. Because maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport rate per cell of adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous abdominal tissue of male and female subjects was constant in each sex, the data have been normalized on the basis of transport per cell. The results demonstrated that basal and maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport per cell was 53-75% higher per cell in the females versus males in adipocytes from human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (P less than 0.01). A similar difference in glucose transport rate between males and females (P less than 0.001) was also found in rat abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipocytes isolated from rat retroperitoneal adipose tissue had higher transport rates (approximately three-fold) and smaller sex differences (35% higher in females) than found in adipocytes from rat and human subcutaneous tissue. These results indicate that basal and maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport is higher by adipocytes isolated from females and that this difference is independent of adipose cell size and species.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Viscoelastic Damper Based on Fractional Derivative Approach and Micromolecular Structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeshou Xu ◽  
Zhao-Dong Xu ◽  
Ying-Qing Guo ◽  
Teng Ge ◽  
Chao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Viscoelastic Materials ◽  
Viscoelastic Damper ◽  
Viscoelastic Dampers ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Viscoelastic dampers are one of the most popular earthquake mitigation devices for building structures with a large number of applications in civil engineering. The seismic performance of viscoelastic dampers is greatly affected by viscoelastic materials. The present paper addresses the theoretical and experimental studies of the viscoelastic damper. The regular polyhedron chain network models for viscoelastic materials are proposed based on the molecular chain network microstructures and the temperature–frequency equivalent principle. Several dynamic property tests for the viscoelastic damper at different temperatures, frequencies, and displacements are carried out, and the proposed models are verified by comparing the numerical and experimental results. The comparisons show that the viscoelastic damper has perfect energy dissipation capacity, and the regular polyhedron chain network models can well describe the mechanical properties of the viscoelastic damper at different environmental temperatures and excitation frequencies.

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