Effect of cold exposure on energy metabolism in the young pig

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Herpin ◽  
Brian W. McBride ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature

Twenty-four piglets were weaned at 3 weeks of age and received 615 kJ metabolizable energy/(kg body weight-day). The temperature was reduced from 29 to 25 °C by 4 weeks of age. Six pigs were exposed to cold by reducing the temperature to 10 °C by 5 weeks of age while the other six were exposed to 23 °C. These two temperatures were maintained for 3 weeks. Each week the three pigs closest to the mean weight of each group were used for measurements of heat production for 23 h by open-circuit calorimetry and glucose turnover by continuous infusion of [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose. The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks of age, a sample of their intercostal muscle was used for in vitro measurement of muscle respiration, and the carcass was analyzed. There was no change in heat production, glucose turnover, and rectal temperature during the 3 weeks of cold exposure, so the data were pooled. Cold exposure increased heat production by 50%, forced mobilization of fat reserves (1000 g over the 3 weeks), and increased glucose replacement rate by 20%. The decline in rectal temperature to 37.6 from 38.8 °C could be regarded as a strategy to reduce energy needed to regulate body temperature. In the cold, heat production equalled metabolizable energy intake, but protein deposition was maintained at the same level as that in the pigs at the thermoneutral temperature, using the energy derived from the mobilization of body fat. The increase in Na+–K4 ATPase dependent respiration accounted for 70% of the increase in O2 consumption of muscle from cold-exposed pigs and thus is potentially an important component of cold-induced thermogenesis in the pig.

Effects of diet and cold exposure on rates of plasma leucine turnover and protein synthesis in sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. SANO ◽  
H. SAWADA ◽  
A. TAKENAMI ◽  
M. AL-MAMUN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Intake

SUMMARYDilution of [1-13C]leucine (Leu) and open-circuit calorimetry were used to determine the effects of diet and cold exposure on rates of plasma Leu turnover, Leu oxidation, and whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) in sheep. The experiment was designed as a crossover design for two 23-day periods. Six adult sheep were assigned to two dietary treatments, medium (Me-diet) and high (Hi-diet) intake, and were fed either 515 or 830 kJ/kg BW0·75per day of metabolizable energy intake, respectively. The temperature in the chamber was changed from a thermoneutral environment (23°C) to a cold environment (2–4°C) for 5 days (the 18th to 23rd day of the experiment). Turnover rate of both plasma Leu and WBPS were greater (P<0·01) for the Hi-diet compared with the Me-diet and increased (P<0·01) during cold exposure. Leucine oxidation rate was numerically greater (P=0·10) for the Hi-diet compared with the Me-diet and increased (P=0·03) during cold exposure. No significant diet×environment interaction was detected in the rates of plasma Leu turnover, Leu oxidation or WBPS. It is concluded that plasma Leu kinetics and WBPS were influenced by intake level and increased during cold exposure, but the responses to cold exposure were not modified by intake level in sheep under the conditions of the present experiment.

The influence of degree of adaptation to tether-housing by sows in relation to behaviour and energy metabolism

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Cronin ◽  
J. M. F. M. van Tartwijk ◽  
W. van der Hel ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Repetitive Behaviour ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTIn response to tethering, many sows develop seemingly non-functional repetitive behaviour (stereotypies), which may be performed for several hours in a day.The quality and quantity of activity performed by sows with different degrees of adaptation to tethering was studied in relation to energy expenditure. Three groups of five sows were recognized: (1) High, sows which showed a high incidence of stereotyped activity after prolonged tethering; (2) T/Low, sows with limited experience of tethers; and (3) G/Low, the same sows as in group 2 after regrouping.High sows were about three times more active than T/Low sows: the proportions of time involved in 24 h were 0·35 and 0·13 respectively. Most of the former sows' activity was in the form of sterotypies. The activity level of the G/Low sows was between that of the two tether treatments (proportionately 0·17 of 24 h). Both tethered treatments spent proportionately about 0·05 of 24 h in using drinkers compared with proportionately less than 0·02 of the time for the G/Low sows.High sows produced proportionately 0·36 more heat than T/Low sows during the 12-h light period in each day. During this period, proportionately 0·40 and 0·20 of heat production from High and T/Low sows was associated with activity. The diurnal activity of the G/Low sows was associated with proportionately 0·24 of heat production.Stereotypies and excessive drinker use accounted for proportionately 0·86, 0·52 and 0·24 of the activity of High, T/Low and G/Low sows. The proportions of metabolizable energy intake required for these activities were 0·23, 0·07 and 0·04 respectively for the three treatments. The study concludes that tethering is stressful when sows develop, and then indulge in frequent coping behavioural patterns which increase metabolic rate.

Metabolic Factors in the Development of Homeothermy in Dogs

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. McIntyre ◽  
H. E. Ederstrom
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Heat Conservation

Dogs from 1 to 25 days of age were exposed to air temperatures of 5, 23 and 30°C and their oxygen consumption measured in a closed calorimeter. Animals 1–5 days old had a rise of 20–25% in metabolic rate, but rectal temperature fell, when they were exposed to 5 or 23°C. At 11–21 days of age dogs exposed to 5°C had a rise of about 75% in metabolic rate, but rectal temperature fell several degrees in 1 hour. In dogs 21–25 days of age metabolic rate increased about 75% at air temperatures of 5°C and rectal temperature fell only about 1°C. Under the same conditions a trained adult dog had a rise of 80% in metabolic rate, and no fall in rectal temperature. Since heat production in 2- to 3-week-old dogs was increased to about the same extent as in the adult on cold exposure, it was assumed that heat conservation lagged behind heat production in the development of homeothermy.

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on metabolic rate and energy balance in pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dersjant-Li ◽  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
J. A. J. Verreth ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Significance Level

AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.

Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
A. Arieli ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

AbstractSeven groups of five or six Holstein-Friesian male calves were transported to an experimental farm at 2 to 3 days of age. At 6 days of age, heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were measured for an 8-day period. During this period, calves were exposed to various ambient temperatures: 6, 9, 12 and 15°C. Ambient temperature was constant within days, but changed between days. Calves were fed below (four groups) or near (three groups) the maintenance requirements (290 or 460 kJ ME per kg M0·75 per day).From 6 to 14 days of age the lower critical temperature (Tc) was 12·5°C and HP increased by 8·4 kJ/kg M0·75 per day per °Cfall in ambient temperature below Tc. Both Tc and increase in HP below Tc were not affected by feeding level. Rectal temperature was lower at low ambient temperatures. The decrease in rectal temperature with ambient temperature was greatest at the low feeding level.During the experimental period, calves were not in a steady-state regarding energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. This decrease was affected by feeding level and ambient temperature. After arrival, the influence of both ambient temperature and feeding level on the energy metabolism of young calves increased with time.

Changing physiological relationships in men under acute cold stress

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. O'Hanlon Jr. ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Thigh Temperature

Thirty-four men were exposed to 8 °C for 2 h. Their reactions were studied to indicate how physiological relationships change during exposure to cold. Measurements of various body temperatures, MST, MBT, body heat content (BHC), [Formula: see text], heat production, and heart rate (HR) were made before the onset of and periodically during cold exposure. Various skin temperatures fell to different levels while rectal temperature rose slightly, then fell 0.3 °C by the end of the exposure. BHC declined by 6%, [Formula: see text] nearly doubled, [Formula: see text] and heat production increased by 66 and 75% respectively, and HR changed little during cold exposure. Relationships which changed most significantly during cold exposure were those between MST and rectal temperature, certain skin temperatures and rectal temperature, [Formula: see text] (also heat production) and BHC, [Formula: see text] and rectal temperature, and finally, those between every body temperature and the age of the subjects. Relationships which also changed were those between finger and toe temperature as well as those between [Formula: see text] (also heat production) and each of the following: [Formula: see text], rectal temperature, thigh temperature, HR, and age. These results indicated that (1) temperature in the upper extremities was actively maintained at a higher level than temperature in the lower extremities, (2) increased metabolism became a progressively more effective adaptation than redistribution of blood volume, (3) subjects with the lowest BHC tended to increase their metabolism the most, (4) [Formula: see text] was inversely related to core temperature after the latter fell below normal, (5) HR was unrelated to the increase in [Formula: see text], (6) the usual inverse relationship between age and metabolism was not found in the cold, and finally, (7) older subjects generally tended to maintain higher body temperatures than younger subjects.

Effects of oral glycine during cold exposure in man

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Beavers ◽  
Benjamin G. Covino
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Warm Room

Six male human subjects were given 30 gm oral glycine. Oxygen consumption, skin and rectal temperatures, and forefinger blood flows were measured during an interval in a warm room and then during 75 minutes cold exposure (0°F). The same subjects receiving 30 gm glucose served as controls. Glycine increased heat production at rest in a warm room and also during cold exposure. The subjects when receiving glycine had a slightly higher rectal temperature and higher skin temperatures in areas other than fingers during the cold exposure period. Submitted on August 1, 1958

Thermosensitivity of Bos indicus cattle and their F1, crosses with three breeds of Bos taurus

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khub Singh ◽  
N. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian

ABSTRACTResting heat production (H), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (Tr) were measured at different controlled temperatures (Tt) in Hariana (Bos indicus) and its F, crosses with Jersey (JH), Brown Swiss (BH) and Holstein Friesian (FH) (Bos taurus) breeds and the values obtained were used to assess their relative thermosensitivity.The lowest Tt at which H significantly decreased from that at 17°c was 32°c for Hariana, JH and BH and 27°c for FH after exposure for 8 days. The corresponding values after exposure for 18 days were 37°c for Hariana and 32°c for all the three crossbred groups. Differences between the genetic groups were also significant. The lowest Tt at which metabolizable energy (ME) decreased significantly in comparison with those at 17CC was 32°c in all the genetic groups. The differences in ME intake between genetic groups were significant only at 32°c Tt. The lowest Tt at which RR significantly increased from those at 17°c were 32°c in Hariana, 27°c in JH, BH and FH for both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure. The corresponding Tt for increase in Tr was 37°c in Hariana, 32°c in JH and 27°c in BH and FH at both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure.The ambient temperature at which H would have significantly decreased and RR and Tr increased from the respective values at 17CC Tt were calculated curvilinearly for different genetic groups. There were differences in these values of calculated ambient temperatures between genetic groups and between exposure durations in respect of H, RR, and Tr, indicating differences in thermosensitivity.

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