The influence of degree of adaptation to tether-housing by sows in relation to behaviour and energy metabolism

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Cronin ◽  
J. M. F. M. van Tartwijk ◽  
W. van der Hel ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Repetitive Behaviour ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTIn response to tethering, many sows develop seemingly non-functional repetitive behaviour (stereotypies), which may be performed for several hours in a day.The quality and quantity of activity performed by sows with different degrees of adaptation to tethering was studied in relation to energy expenditure. Three groups of five sows were recognized: (1) High, sows which showed a high incidence of stereotyped activity after prolonged tethering; (2) T/Low, sows with limited experience of tethers; and (3) G/Low, the same sows as in group 2 after regrouping.High sows were about three times more active than T/Low sows: the proportions of time involved in 24 h were 0·35 and 0·13 respectively. Most of the former sows' activity was in the form of sterotypies. The activity level of the G/Low sows was between that of the two tether treatments (proportionately 0·17 of 24 h). Both tethered treatments spent proportionately about 0·05 of 24 h in using drinkers compared with proportionately less than 0·02 of the time for the G/Low sows.High sows produced proportionately 0·36 more heat than T/Low sows during the 12-h light period in each day. During this period, proportionately 0·40 and 0·20 of heat production from High and T/Low sows was associated with activity. The diurnal activity of the G/Low sows was associated with proportionately 0·24 of heat production.Stereotypies and excessive drinker use accounted for proportionately 0·86, 0·52 and 0·24 of the activity of High, T/Low and G/Low sows. The proportions of metabolizable energy intake required for these activities were 0·23, 0·07 and 0·04 respectively for the three treatments. The study concludes that tethering is stressful when sows develop, and then indulge in frequent coping behavioural patterns which increase metabolic rate.

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on metabolic rate and energy balance in pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dersjant-Li ◽  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
J. A. J. Verreth ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Significance Level

AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.

scholarly journals Estimation of the total efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and growth by cattle in tropical conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Sampaio Henrique ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Mendonça Vieira ◽  
Pedro Antônio Muniz Malafaia ◽  
Maurício Cordeiro Mancini ◽  
André Luigi Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direct Measures

Data of 320 animals were obtained from eight comparative slaughter studies performed under tropical conditions and used to estimate the total efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy intake (MEI), which varied from 77 to 419 kcal kg-0.75d-1. The provided data also contained direct measures of the recovered energy (RE), which allowed calculating the heat production (HE) by difference. The RE was regressed on MEI and deviations from linearity were evaluated by using the F-test. The respective estimates of the fasting heat production and the intercept and the slope that composes the relationship between RE and MEI were 73 kcal kg-0.75d-1, 42 kcal kg-0.75d-1 and 0.37. Hence, the total efficiency was estimated by dividing the net energy for maintenance and growth by the metabolizable energy intake. The estimated total efficiency of the ME utilization and analogous estimates based on the beef cattle NRC model were employed in an additional study to evaluate their predictive powers in terms of the mean square deviations for both temperate and tropical conditions. The two approaches presented similar predictive powers but the proposed one had a 22% lower mean squared deviation even with its more simplified structure.

A note on the critical temperature of sucking rabbits

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-334
Author(s):  
E. Sanz ◽  
V. Ortiz ◽  
C. de Blas ◽  
M. J. Fraga
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
New Zealand Rabbits

Five hundred and fifty sucking New Zealand rabbits of three ages (1, 10 and 20 days) were used to measure metabolizable energy intake and heat production at five ambient temperatures varying between 12 and 36°C according to age. Critical temperatures and rate of heat production below them, decreased with age (32, 28 and 24°C; 20·8, 10·8 and 9·2 kJ/kg0·07 per day and °C at 1, 10 and 20 days of age respectively) as a result of the increase in thermal insulation. Energy retention also decreased below critical temperature at a similar rate to the increase of heat production, because rabbits could not increase their milk intake to meet their higher energy requirements.

scholarly journals The effect of catabolic doses of corticosterone on heat production in the growing rat

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Coyer ◽  
M. Cox ◽  
J. P. W. Rivers ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Growing Rat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Corticosterone Treatment ◽  
Specific Influence

1. The effect of corticosterone treatment on energy balance and heat production was investigated in growing rats. Animals were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of a vehicle containing 0, 50 or 100 mg corticosterone/kg for 5 d.2. Measurements of digestible energy intake and urinary energy losses showed that corticosterone treatment resulted in a depression of metabolizable energy intake due to elevated urinary energy losses resulting from massive glucosuria.3. Measurements of the metabolizable energy intake and the change in carcass energy indicated that at 50 mg/kg energy deposition and heat production were reduced, whilst at 100 mg/kg energy deposition was completely abolished with heat production increased. Postprandial oxygen consumption was unchanged at 50 mg/kg and increased at 100 mg/kg.4. Factorial analysis of these results based on reported values for the energy cost of protein and fat deposition indicated that (a) the depression of total heat production at 50 mg/kg could be entirely accounted for by the concomitant suppression of growth, and (b) the elevation of total and postprandial heat production at 100 mg/kg reflected a specific influence of corticosterone on thermogenesis.5. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of reports that corticosterone in low doses suppresses heat production.

scholarly journals Examination of energy utilization in cattle offered a forage diet at near- and sub-maintenance levels of feeding

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
M. J. Haines ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
J. Frances ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

Eight Friesian calves were reared from birth to the start of the experiment at a predetermined growth rate of 1.0 kg/d. Four calves (group 1) commenced the experiment at 22 weeks of age and the remainder (group 2) at 34 weeks, and feed intake was calculated to provide sufficient metabolizable energy to sustain zero energy balance (Em). Between experimental days 30 and 56 at maintenance levels of feeding, respiratory exchange measurements were made using open-circuit calorimetry to provide indirect estimates of heat production (H) simultaneous with measurements of faecal and urinary excretion of energy and N. A datum point for Em and H was established for each animal giving mean values for Em of 491 and 537 and for H of 476 and 511 kJ/kg live weight (LW)0.75 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively. Treatment levels calculated as 0·25, 0·5, 0·75 and 1·25 of dry matter intake required to sustain the measured Em, were imposed on individual animals after day 56 and further measurements of H and faecal/ urinary balance were made between days 72 and 84 followed by measurements of fasting heat production (FHP) during days 86–90 from the two animals in each group which had received the 0.75 and 1.25 levels of intake. Regression analysis of the treatment levels indicated separate linear models which predicted Em at 419 and 473 kJ/kg LW0·75 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively. The incorporation of FHP with partitioning of faecal and urinary energy losses measured during fasting altered the relationship but not the predicted Em. Overall predicted Em (days 72–84) from all models were 406 and 478 kJ/kg LW0.75 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively which were significantly lower (P < 0·05) than Em measured during days 30–56.

Effect of cold exposure on energy metabolism in the young pig

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Herpin ◽  
Brian W. McBride ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature

Twenty-four piglets were weaned at 3 weeks of age and received 615 kJ metabolizable energy/(kg body weight-day). The temperature was reduced from 29 to 25 °C by 4 weeks of age. Six pigs were exposed to cold by reducing the temperature to 10 °C by 5 weeks of age while the other six were exposed to 23 °C. These two temperatures were maintained for 3 weeks. Each week the three pigs closest to the mean weight of each group were used for measurements of heat production for 23 h by open-circuit calorimetry and glucose turnover by continuous infusion of [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose. The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks of age, a sample of their intercostal muscle was used for in vitro measurement of muscle respiration, and the carcass was analyzed. There was no change in heat production, glucose turnover, and rectal temperature during the 3 weeks of cold exposure, so the data were pooled. Cold exposure increased heat production by 50%, forced mobilization of fat reserves (1000 g over the 3 weeks), and increased glucose replacement rate by 20%. The decline in rectal temperature to 37.6 from 38.8 °C could be regarded as a strategy to reduce energy needed to regulate body temperature. In the cold, heat production equalled metabolizable energy intake, but protein deposition was maintained at the same level as that in the pigs at the thermoneutral temperature, using the energy derived from the mobilization of body fat. The increase in Na+–K4 ATPase dependent respiration accounted for 70% of the increase in O2 consumption of muscle from cold-exposed pigs and thus is potentially an important component of cold-induced thermogenesis in the pig.

scholarly journals 223 Evaluation of dietary characteristics and empty body chemical components affecting the relationship between heat production and metabolizable energy intake in growing beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Metabolizable energy required for maintenance varies with diet and empty body chemical composition. The objective was to quantify the relationships of dietary characteristics and empty body chemical composition with heat production. A literature search was performed to compile data (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing steers and heifers. Data analysis were performed using R statistical package for mixed models with study as random variable. Nonlinear regression of energy gain (EG) on MEI indicated the relationship was not curvilinear in this data set, likely due to lack of negative values of EG. Further analyses were conducted using a linear model. Dietary characteristics of roughage level (0–100% of diet DM) and CP (10–25% diet DM), metabolizable energy concentration (1.3–3.3 Mcal/kg DM), and roughage type were evaluated in the model. Roughage sources were categorized into no roughage, silage, hay, pellets, silage + pellets, and hay + pellets. Of the empty body chemical components, proportion of fat in the empty body (EBFp) and in the gain (EBFgp) had a significant (P &lt; 0.001) interaction with MEI on HP. Of the dietary characteristics, roughage level and type had a significant (P &lt; 0.001) interaction with MEI on HP; however, when both were included in the model, roughage type was not significant (P &gt; 0.10). The final model was 47.01 ± 12.54 + 0.630 ± 0.05*MEI – 132.3 ± 64.7*EBFp + 0.0007 ± 0.0001*MEI*Roughage level + 0.753 ± 0.24*MEI*EBFp – 0.268 ± 0.032*MEI*EBFgp with an R2 of 0.919 and an AIC of 1614 compared with 0.867 and 1695 for the simple linear regression model of HP on MEI. In conclusion, greater empty body fat decreased the intercept, and greater empty body fat proportion and levels of roughage in the diet increased the slope between HP and MEI, whereas greater percentage of fat in the empty body gain decreased the slope between HP and MEI.

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

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