Ecological and genetic evidence that low-order streams inhibit dispersal by red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus)

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Marsh ◽  
R.B. Page ◽  
T.J. Hanlon ◽  
H. Bareke ◽  
R. Corritone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Plethodon Cinereus ◽  
Order Stream ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
First Order ◽  
Barrier Effects ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Low Order

While many studies have examined the barrier effects of large rivers on animal dispersal and gene flow, few studies have considered the barrier effects of small streams. We used displacement experiments and analyses of genetic population structure to examine the effects of first-order and second-order streams on the dispersal of terrestrial red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818). We marked red-backed salamanders from near the edges of one first-order stream and one second-order stream, and experimentally displaced them either across the stream or an equal distance farther into the forest. A comparison of return rates indicated that both streams were partial barriers to salamander movement, reducing return rates by approximately 50%. Analysis of six microsatellite loci from paired plots on the same side and on opposite sides of the second-order stream suggested that the stream did contribute to genetic differentiation of salamander populations. Collectively, our results imply that low-order streams do influence patterns of movement and gene flow in red-backed salamanders. We suggest that given the high density of first-order and second-order streams in most landscapes, these features may have important effects on species that, like red-backed salamanders, have limited dispersal and large geographic ranges.

Ecology of juvenile Northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) inhabiting low-order streams

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Cecala ◽  
Michael Dorcas ◽  
Steven Price
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Nerodia Sipedon ◽  
Order Stream ◽  
First Order ◽  
High Survivorship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Order

AbstractThe juvenile stage for many reptiles is considered “the lost years” because of low capture probabilities, however understanding factors impacting juvenile survivorship and recruitment is critical for conservation of populations. We studied the ecology of juvenile Northern watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon, by intensively sampling a first-order stream and determined the occupancy of juveniles in 30 low-order streams in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Juveniles were relatively abundant within a single stream (n = 62 ± 9), and their capture probabilities were positively related to increasing stream-water temperatures. We also found that juveniles had high survivorship (ϕ = 0.87 ± 0.017). Occupancy of juvenile N. sipedon in low-order, Piedmont streams may be greater at streams that have confluences with high order streams or lakes, which potentially support adult N. sipedon populations. This study provides important information regarding the natural history of juvenile reptiles and indicates the importance of low order streams as habitat for N. sipedon populations.

scholarly journals STREAMS DO WORK: MEASURING THE WORK OF LOW-ORDER STREAMS ON THE LANDSCAPE USING POINT CLOUDS

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4 ◽  
pp. 573-578
Author(s):  
E. Shavers ◽  
L. Stanislawski
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Zone Structure ◽  
Order Stream ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Point Density ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Low Order

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The mutable nature of low-order streams makes regular updating of surface water maps necessary for accurate representation. Low-order streams make up roughly half the streams in the conterminous United States by length, and small inaccuracies in stream head location can result in significant error in stream reach, order, and density. Reliable maps of stream features are vital for hydrologic modeling, ecosystem research, and boundary monitoring. High resolution digital elevation models derived from lidar data have shown promise in low order stream modeling yet forested high relief landscapes and low relief agricultural areas remain challenging. Here we present early results from research analyzing lidar point clouds to identify features and patterns that may be used in low-order stream identification and classification in challenging geographic conditions. This work has identified characteristics derived from point clouds that correlate with the presence of streams and stream heads and show promise for mapping small streams. In low topographic relief agricultural areas, cross sections collected at regular intervals along drainage channels extracted as 3D lines show a significant jump in value and variance of profile curvature standard deviation at stream heads. In high relief areas, observations show potential for stream mapping by identifying trends in riparian zone structure. Lidar return point density from riparian vegetation under 30 feet tall dips in the vicinity of intermittent stream heads. Also seen is an increase in point density above 60 feet downstream of stream heads. The trends found here likely reflect a change in vegetation structure relative to the presence of streams.</p>

scholarly journals Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) response to wood removal from high-gradient streams of the Adirondack Mountains (N.Y., U.S.A.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana R Warren ◽  
Clifford E Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Stream Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Order Stream ◽  
First Order ◽  
Linear Contrasts

A before–after, control–impact study was conducted to evaluate brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) response to the removal of debris dams and woody debris from an ice-storm-impacted stream system in the eastern Adirondack Mountains in New York State. A total of 10 reach pairs were established on two first-order streams, two second-order streams, and one third-order stream, all within the same watershed. Analyses, conducted separately for each stream order, used linear contrasts to compare differences in trout abundance between reference (upstream) and removal (downstream) reaches 1 month and 1 year after the manipulation. We expected trout abundance to decrease in removal reaches relative to reference reaches; however, responses varied temporally and with respect to stream order. Trout abundance had not changed significantly 1 month after removal. One year after removal, relative trout abundance had increased in the third-order stream, decreased in the second-order streams, and exhibited no significant change in the first-order streams. In areas with abundant boulders and preexisting habitat complexity, accumulated woody debris may have limited influence on trout abundance.

Nonlinear Analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials Elicited by Color Stimulation

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Momose ◽  
K. Komiya ◽  
A. Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Visual Evoked Potentials ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perceived Color ◽  
Second Order Nonlinearity ◽  
Visual Evoked

Abstract:The relationship between chromatically modulated stimuli and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) was considered. VEPs of normal subjects elicited by chromatically modulated stimuli were measured under several color adaptations, and their binary kernels were estimated. Up to the second-order, binary kernels obtained from VEPs were so characteristic that the VEP-chromatic modulation system showed second-order nonlinearity. First-order binary kernels depended on the color of the stimulus and adaptation, whereas second-order kernels showed almost no difference. This result indicates that the waveforms of first-order binary kernels reflect perceived color (hue). This supports the suggestion that kernels of VEPs include color responses, and could be used as a probe with which to examine the color visual system.

Imaginings

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Kelly James Clark
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
First Order ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Group Violence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

In Branden Thornhill-Miller and Peter Millican’s challenging and provocative essay, we hear a considerably longer, more scholarly and less melodic rendition of John Lennon’s catchy tune—without religion, or at least without first-order supernaturalisms (the kinds of religion we find in the world), there’d be significantly less intra-group violence. First-order supernaturalist beliefs, as defined by Thornhill-Miller and Peter Millican (hereafter M&M), are “beliefs that claim unique authority for some particular religious tradition in preference to all others” (3). According to M&M, first-order supernaturalist beliefs are exclusivist, dogmatic, empirically unsupported, and irrational. Moreover, again according to M&M, we have perfectly natural explanations of the causes that underlie such beliefs (they seem to conceive of such natural explanations as debunking explanations). They then make a case for second-order supernaturalism, “which maintains that the universe in general, and the religious sensitivities of humanity in particular, have been formed by supernatural powers working through natural processes” (3). Second-order supernaturalism is a kind of theism, more closely akin to deism than, say, Christianity or Buddhism. It is, as such, universal (according to contemporary psychology of religion), empirically supported (according to philosophy in the form of the Fine-Tuning Argument), and beneficial (and so justified pragmatically). With respect to its pragmatic value, second-order supernaturalism, according to M&M, gets the good(s) of religion (cooperation, trust, etc) without its bad(s) (conflict and violence). Second-order supernaturalism is thus rational (and possibly true) and inconducive to violence. In this paper, I will examine just one small but important part of M&M’s argument: the claim that (first-order) religion is a primary motivator of violence and that its elimination would eliminate or curtail a great deal of violence in the world. Imagine, they say, no religion, too.Janusz Salamon offers a friendly extension or clarification of M&M’s second-order theism, one that I think, with emendations, has promise. He argues that the core of first-order religions, the belief that Ultimate Reality is the Ultimate Good (agatheism), is rational (agreeing that their particular claims are not) and, if widely conceded and endorsed by adherents of first-order religions, would reduce conflict in the world.While I favor the virtue of intellectual humility endorsed in both papers, I will argue contra M&M that (a) belief in first-order religion is not a primary motivator of conflict and violence (and so eliminating first-order religion won’t reduce violence). Second, partly contra Salamon, who I think is half right (but not half wrong), I will argue that (b) the religious resources for compassion can and should come from within both the particular (often exclusivist) and the universal (agatheistic) aspects of religious beliefs. Finally, I will argue that (c) both are guilty, as I am, of the philosopher’s obsession with belief. 

Evidence for general base catalysis by protic solvents in a kinetic study of alcoholyses and hydrolyses of 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)pyridinium ions under both solvolytic and non-solvolytic conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Kevill ◽  
Byoung-Chun Park ◽  
Jin Burm Kyong
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Methoxy Derivative ◽  
First Order ◽  
General Base ◽  
Protic Solvents ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Pyridinium Ions

The kinetics of nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)pyridinium ions, prepared with the essentially non-nucleophilic/non-basic fluoroborate as the counterion, have been studied using up to 1.60 M methanol in acetonitrile as solvent and under solvolytic conditions in 2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-ol (TFE) and its mixtures with water. Under the non- solvolytic conditions, the parent and three pyridine-ring-substituted derivatives were studied. Both second-order (first-order in methanol) and third-order (second-order in methanol) kinetic contributions were observed. In the solvolysis studies, since solvent ionizing power values were almost constant over the range of aqueous TFE studied, a Grunwald–Winstein equation treatment of the specific rates of solvolysis for the parent and the 4-methoxy derivative could be carried out in terms of variations in solvent nucleophilicity, and an appreciable sensitivity to changes in solvent nucleophilicity was found.

Metaontology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uriah Kriegel
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Order Property ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Approximation

Brentano’s theory of judgment serves as a springboard for his conception of reality, indeed for his ontology. It does so, indirectly, by inspiring a very specific metaontology. To a first approximation, ontology is concerned with what exists, metaontology with what it means to say that something exists. So understood, metaontology has been dominated by three views: (i) existence as a substantive first-order property that some things have and some do not, (ii) existence as a formal first-order property that everything has, and (iii) existence as a second-order property of existents’ distinctive properties. Brentano offers a fourth and completely different approach to existence talk, however, one which falls naturally out of his theory of judgment. The purpose of this chapter is to present and motivate Brentano’s approach.

Categoricity and the sets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Button ◽  
Sean Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Logic ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Status ◽  
Second Order Logic ◽  
Philosophy Of Set Theory ◽  
Order Set

In this chapter, the focus shifts from numbers to sets. Again, no first-order set theory can hope to get anywhere near categoricity, but Zermelo famously proved the quasi-categoricity of second-order set theory. As in the previous chapter, we must ask who is entitled to invoke full second-order logic. That question is as subtle as before, and raises the same problem for moderate modelists. However, the quasi-categorical nature of Zermelo's Theorem gives rise to some specific questions concerning the aims of axiomatic set theories. Given the status of Zermelo's Theorem in the philosophy of set theory, we include a stand-alone proof of this theorem. We also prove a similar quasi-categoricity for Scott-Potter set theory, a theory which axiomatises the idea of an arbitrary stage of the iterative hierarchy.

Out-of-plane static compression and energy absorption of paper hierarchical corrugation sandwich panels

2021 ◽  
pp. 030932472110085
Author(s):  
Huineng Wang ◽  
Yanfeng Guo ◽  
Yungang Fu ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Sandwich Panel ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Compression Rate ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
First Order ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Analytical Approaches

This study introduces the opinion of the corrugation hierarchy to develop the second-order corrugation paperboard, and explore the deformation characteristics, yield strength, and energy absorbing capacity under out-of-plane static evenly compression loading by experimental and analytical approaches. On the basis of the inclined-straight strut elements of corrugation unit and plastic hinge lines, the yield and crushing strengths of corrugation unit were analyzed. This study shows that as the compressive stress increases, the second-order corrugation core layer is firstly crushed, and the first-order corrugation structures gradually compacted until the failure of entire structure. The corrugation type has an obvious influence on the yield strength of the corrugation sandwich panel, and the yield strength of B-flute corrugation sandwich panel is wholly higher than that of the C-flute structure. At the same compression rate, the flute type has a significant impact on energy absorption, and the C-flute second-order corrugation sandwich panel has better bearing capacity than the B-flute structure. The second-order corrugation sandwich panel has a better bearing capacity than the first-order structure. The static compression rate has little effect on the yield strength and deformation mode. However, with the increase of the static compression rate, the corrugation sandwich panel has a better cushioning energy absorption and material utilization rate.

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