Sequence of songs in repertoires of western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1165-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bruce Falls ◽  
John R. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Song Type ◽  
First Order ◽  
Decrease Rate ◽  
Sequential Organization ◽  
Recurrence Intervals ◽  
Spontaneous Singing ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Sturnella Neglecta

The male western meadowlark has a repertoire of 5–12 song types and produces a bout of repetition of one song type before switching to another. Songs of neighboring birds were played to three territorial males to investigate the effect of playback on choice of song types. In contrast to findings on some other species, there was no tendency for responding birds to choose a song type that matched the playback. However, birds did tend to switch songs whenever the playback started. There was equal response to all song types, and little evidence of habituation between playback sessions.The sequence of switches from one song type to another was compared with a random sequence generated by computer simulation. Both during spontaneous singing, and in response to playback, there was significant avoidance of low recurrence intervals (the number of switches between two bouts of the same song). Thus, birds tended to cycle through their repertoires. The sequence more closely approximates a second- than a first-order Markov process.Song repertoires may function to decrease rate of habituation of receivers to whom the signal is directed. The sequential organization of switches is interpreted within this functional framework.

Structure of western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) song repertoires

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Horn ◽  
J. Bruce Falls
Keyword(s):  
Song Type ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Sturnella Neglecta ◽  
Song Repertoires

Each male western meadowlark sings a repertoire of 3 – 12 (average 6) song types, sometimes acquiring more with age. Song types within repertoires are not especially contrasting, song type abundance is apparently randomly distributed, and neighboring birds share no more song types than distant birds. The results suggest that song types are learned early in life, and that the particular identity of the song types learned is not important for communication.

Song matching in western meadowlarks

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2520-2524 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bruce Falls
Keyword(s):  
Response Latency ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Response Strength ◽  
Chance Level ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Neighbor Recognition ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Sturnella Neglecta ◽  
Song Playback

Song playback to western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) at Delta, Manitoba, using recordings of song types that the subjects had in their repertoires, showed that the tendency of males to respond with the same song type (match) depended on the source of the recording. Song-type matching decreased from own to stranger to neighbor recordings (not significantly above the chance level in the latter case). An explanation for these results is offered that combines elements of facilitation and neighbor recognition. Correspondence between response latency and intersong intervals of the responding bird suggested that matching song was entrained by the playback but nonmatching responses were not. This indicates that matching and nonmatching are qualitatively different responses. However, matching and nonmatching responses did not differ with respect to conventional measures of response strength. Matching directs a response to a particular singer and may facilitate one-to-one exchange of information, for example, concerning location of the singers. Comparisons are drawn with parallel studies of great tits (Parus major).

Submerged upflow biotower operation and computer simulation

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Neufeld ◽  
Christopher A. Badali ◽  
Dennis Powers ◽  
Christopher Carson
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Biological Transformation ◽  
Kinetics Of

A two step operation is proposed for the biodegradation of low concentrations (< 10 mg/L) of BETX substances in an up flow submerged biotower configuration. Step 1 involves growth of a lush biofilm using benzoic acid in a batch mode. Step 2 involves a longer term biological transformation of BETX. Kinetics of biotransformations are modeled using first order assumptions, with rate constants being a function of benzoic acid dosages used in Step 1. A calibrated computer model is developed and presented to predict the degree of transformation and biomass level throughout the tower under a variety of inlet and design operational conditions.

Role of Single Word Variables in Recall of Statistical Approximations to English

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari J. K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Of Approximation ◽  
Single Word ◽  
First Order ◽  
Original Order ◽  
Sequential Organization ◽  
The Individual

Free recall of lists at different orders of approximation to English was compared to the recall of the same lists when the order of the words had been scrambled to destroy their sequential organization. Recall of the organized lists showed the typical improvement with increasing order of approximation. Recall of the scrambled lists was unrelated to the original order of approximation. The results indicate that increased recall with increasing order of approximation to English is not produced by systematic differences in the characteristics of the individual words comprising the approximations. When recall of the organized lists was scored in terms of the number of longer sequences present in recall, the number of recalled sequences of any given length increased as order of approximation to English increased, with the first order list showing proportionally less organization in recall than the second and higher order lists.

scholarly journals The Duet Code of the Female Black-Bellied Wren

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Logue
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Female Response ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Vocal Signals ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Song Types

Abstract In many duet-singing songbirds, paired birds combine their song types nonrandomly to form duet songs. Several different behavioral mechanisms could generate nonrandom song type associations in duets. I tested female Black-bellied Wrens (Thryothorus fasciatoventris) for one such mechanism: adherence to a set of rules linking female response songs to male stimulus songs. I call this set of rules a “duet code.” Duets of free-living Black-bellied Wrens were recorded in 2001 and 2002. In 2003 I returned to the same territories and played the male song types from the recorded duets. Females answered male song stimuli as if duetting with the playback speaker. Although the known repertoires of females averaged 8.4 song types, each female sang only a single song type in response to each male song type. Random answering could not account for this pattern, supporting the hypothesis that females abide by duet codes. Females that were still paired with their mates from 2001–2002 answered 100% of their mate's songs with the same song types they had used previously, demonstrating that codes are stable over time. In contrast, females that were new to a territory answered an average of only 18% of their mate's song types with the same song type as the previous female, indicating that duet codes are individually distinctive. Duet participation by female Black-bellied Wrens represents a special kind of animal communication, in which discrete vocal signals consistently elicit discrete vocal responses according to an individually distinctive set of rules.

Breath-by-breath VCO2 and VO2 required compensation for transport delay and dynamic response

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Noguchi ◽  
Y. Ogushi ◽  
I. Yoshiya ◽  
N. Itakura ◽  
H. Yamabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Transport Delay ◽  
First Order ◽  
On Line

Both transport delay (DELAY) and dynamic response (RESPONSE) of a mass spectrometer would theoretically result in considerable errors in the breath-by-breath calculation of VCO2 and VO2. However, curiously, the contribution of RESPONSE has been ignored. The purpose of this study is to quantify the error caused by RESPONSE. We found that RESPONSE of a mass spectrometer was regarded as a first-order response. We determined DELAY and time constant (T) of RESPONSE and compensated the on-line calculation for both DELAY and RESPONSE and for DELAY only. With T of 150 and 100 ms, deviations of VCO2 from the gas-collection method were 8 +/- 6 and 8 +/- 6 ml/min with compensation for both DELAY and RESPONSE, and 69 +/- 10 and 50 +/- 5 ml/min with compensation for DELAY only, respectively (mean +/- SD). Similar results were obtained with VO2. A computer simulation of error caused by RESPONSE disclosed that the error linearly increased with increasing T. We conclude that to be accurate within +/- 5% of the exact value, compensation should be made when T exceeds 25 ms.

scholarly journals Deceptive vocal duets and multimodal display in a songbird

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Ręk ◽  
Robert D. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Multimodal Signalling ◽  
Australian Magpie ◽  
Vocal Duets

Many group-living animals cooperatively signal to defend resources, but what stops deceptive signalling to competitors about coalition strength? Cooperative-signalling species include mated pairs of birds that sing duets to defend their territory. Individuals of these species sometimes sing ‘pseudo-duets’ by mimicking their partner's contribution, but it is unknown if these songs are deceptive, or why duets are normally reliable. We studied pseudo-duets in Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca , and tested whether multimodal signalling constrains deception. Magpie-larks give antiphonal duets coordinated with a visual display, with each sex typically choosing a different song type within the duet. Individuals produced pseudo-duets almost exclusively during nesting when partners were apart, but the two song types were used in sequence rather than antiphonally. Strikingly, birds hid and gave no visual displays, implying deceptive suppression of information. Acoustic playbacks showed that pseudo-duets provoked the same response from residents as true duets, regardless of whether they were sequential or antiphonal, and stronger response than that to true duets consisting of a single song type. By contrast, experiments with robot models showed that songs accompanied by movements of two birds prompted stronger responses than songs accompanied by movements of one bird, irrespective of the number of song types or singers. We conclude that magpie-larks used deceptive pseudo-duets when partners were apart, and suppressed the visual display to maintain the subterfuge. We suggest that the visual component of many species' duets provides the most reliable information about the number of signallers and may have evolved to maintain honesty in duet communication.

scholarly journals Dawn singing behavior of a tropical bird species, the Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinaya Kumar Sethi ◽  
Dinesh Bhatt ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Sequential Pattern ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Singing Behavior ◽  
Dawn Song ◽  
Song Types

This paper aims to study the structure and pattern of dawn song in a tropical avian species, the Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata) in Haridwar (290 55’ N, 780 08’ E; Uttarakhand, India) in 2009. Males delivered complex dawn chorus on daily basis during only breeding season (February to July). The dawn song bout was made up of a number of distinct sections called song types. Each song type consisted of a series of similar or dissimilar units referred to as elements. Song type length averaged 1.43±0.23 sec and did not differ significantly among males. Theaverage number and types of elements in a song type were observed 8.15±1.64 and 8.01±1.56, respectively.In more than 80% of observations, song types were delivered with immediate variety and males did not follow any definite sequential pattern of song delivery. Males sang continuously for about 30 min at high rates during dawn. Males performed continuous dawn singing throughout the breeding season and seemed to interact vocally through counter-singing for extended period. Observations suggest that dawn song delivery in Pied Bush Chat plays an important role in maintenance and adjustment of social relationship among neighbouring males.

scholarly journals Marginally compact phase and ordered ground states in a model polymer with side spheres

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Skrbic ◽  
Trinh Xuan Hoang ◽  
Achille Giacometti ◽  
Amos Maritan ◽  
Jayanth R. Banavar
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Polymer Chain ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ground States ◽  
First Order ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Computer Simulation Techniques ◽  
Mere Addition

We present the results of a quantitative study of the phase behavior of a model polymer chain with side spheres using two independent computer simulation techniques. We find that the mere addition of side spheres results in key modifications of standard polymer behavior. One obtains a novel marginally compact phase at low temperatures, the structures in this phase are reduced in dimensionality and are ordered, they include strands assembled into sheets and a variety of helices, and at least one of the transitions on lowering the temperature to access these ordered states is found to be first order. Our model serves to partially bridge conventional polymer phases with biomolecular phases.

scholarly journals Discovery of an acoustically locating parasitoid with a potential role in divergence of song types among sympatric populations of the bush cricket Mecopoda elongata

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Rochishnu Dutta ◽  
Manjunatha Reddy ◽  
Tom Tregenza
Keyword(s):  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Bush Cricket

The bush cricket Mecopoda elongata provides a striking example of sympatric intraspecific divergence in mating signals. Five completely distinct song types are found in various parapatric and sympatric locations in South India. While there is convincing evidence that population divergence in M. elongata is being maintained as a result of divergence in acoustic signals, cuticular chemical profiles, and genital characters, the causes of the evolution of such divergence in the first place are unknown. We describe the discovery of a tachinid parasitoid with an orthopteroid hearing mechanism affecting M. elongata. This parasitoid may have a role in driving the extraordinary divergence that had occurred among M. elongata song types. Over two years we sampled individuals of three sympatric song types in the wild and retained individuals in captivity to reveal rates of parasitization. We found that all three song types were infected with the parasitoid but that there were significant differences among song types in their probability of being infected. The probability of tachinid parasitization also differed between the two sampling periods. Therefore, it is possible that parasitoid infection plays a role in song type divergence among sympatric bush cricket populations.

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