Intraspecific competition between different aged larvae of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae): advantages of an oviposition-deterring pheromone

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2192-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Quiring ◽  
Jeremy N. McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Agromyza Frontella

In laboratory studies evaluating the effects of intraspecific competition between Agromyza frontella larvae of different ages, individuals starting 24 or 48 h before other larvae within the same leaflet largely escaped the negative effects of competition. However, larvae starting development later experienced a higher incidence of mortality and reduced pupal weight. Thus an oviposition-deterring pheromone laid down by ovipositing A. frontella females would only have to remain effective for 24 h to confer a competitive advantage to the first individual developing within the leaflet. In two separate field tests this proved to be the case, with active pheromone remaining for > 24 h under both hot and rainy conditions. There has been some doubt concerning the adaptive value of certain oviposition-deterring pheromones under field conditions because of their water-soluble nature. The results of these experiments would suggest that the required active life of an oviposition-deterring pheromone may be considerably shorter than previously thought, and thus their persistence, even for short periods, may be adequate to reduce intraspecific competition in natural populations.

scholarly journals COMPOSITION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY CLAYS OF THE PRIKHANKAYSKAYA DEPRESSION (PRIMORYE)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
T. G. RYASHCHENKO ◽  
N. N. UKHOVA ◽  
S. I. SHTELMAKH ◽  
N. I. BELYANINA ◽  
P. S. BELYANIN
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Microstructural Parameters ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Study Results

The article considers the study results of composition, microstructure and physical-chemical properties of the quaternary clays of the Prikhankayskaya depression in district of the lake Khanka (Primorye) on the example of air-dry samples of geological borehole 45-b in the range of 18–62 m. The objective of research was to obtain new information about the properties of widespread clay sediments in this area using geologic-lithological materials and laboratory data. The schematic geologic-lithological column was composed with the selection of various zones in the quaternary clay sediments section and the border with sediments of the Neogene System. The methodological scheme of laboratory studies of clays was proposed. This scheme includes the determination of chemical and microelement composition, clay minerals, contents of carbonates, water-soluble salts, mobile forms of aluminum oxide, humus, as well as microstructural parameters (method «Microstructure») and some physical-chemical properties. Geochemical coefficients (Kz, CIA, CIW, ICV) determined the degree of chemical maturity of clays and confirmed the results of palynological studies reflecting the fluctuations of the climatic conditions of their formation. For the group of toxic microelements for the first time the special indicator (Zc) was calculated. Which was the criterion for a degree of pollution of the clay sediments section. Clay minerals of the quaternary clays are represented by smectite and hydromica. The clear change in the mineral association was found when passing to the Neogene sediments (kaolinite prevails). The method «Microstructure» revealed the aggregated type of clays microstructure, the domination of the particles of coarse dust fraction among the primary (free) particles and the almost complete absence of the particles of fine-grained sand fraction, the participation of various fractions in the composition of aggregates. The variants of the formation of certain types of aggregates (on sizes) in the fluviolacustrine «khankayskiy» clays are presented. Solid part density, water resistance (soaking time), sedimentation volume, plasticity, relative swelling (samples-pastes) were determined using standard methods for clays. By special methods, the cation exchange capacity was measured and the calculated values of the plasticity index were obtained from forecasting formulas using the yield limit. The proposed methodological scheme of complex laboratory studies of clay sediments can be recommended for problematic geologic-lithological and engineering-geological sections.

Changes in the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants in the blood serum of Duroc boars depending on the duration of their fattening

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
O. A. Voronina ◽  
◽  
A. A. Savina ◽  
N. S. Kolesnik ◽  
N. V. Bogolyubova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Amperometric Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
First Time

The influence of fattening conditions on the digestive and metabolic processes in animals is actively studied to increase the production of animal food. The aim of the study was to estimate the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants in the blood serum of Duroc boars depending on the duration of fattening. Experiments were conducted on 102 animals to confirm the results of laboratory studies, as well as determination of the total antioxidant activity of pig blood serum by amperometric method. For the first time, a significant difference in antioxidant activity was found in blood samples of Duroc boars with the duration of their fattening from 81 to 101 days.

scholarly journals Creation of New Analogues of Natural Phytogormons for Increasing the Yield of Agricultural Crops

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.32) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Zhylkybaev Oral ◽  
Alimzhanova Mereke ◽  
Ashimuly Kazhybek ◽  
Shoinbekova Sabina ◽  
Tukenova Zulfia
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reference Preparation

Synthesis of new potential plant growth regulators (analogues of natural phytohormones) is accomplished by mixing an equimolar mixture of aryloxypropin and 1-methylpiperidin-4-one under the conditions of Favorsky's reactions. New derivatives of acetylene aminoalcohols - the ZhOT series - have been obtained. The structure of the synthesized compounds was established by IR and NMR 1H spectroscopy. Screening of their water-soluble forms, on wheat and barley seeds, two preparations (ZhOT-4 and ZhOT-7) were selected, which exceed both the control and standards of known phytohormones, such as heteroauxin (indolyl-3-acetic acid), 6-BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) for further testing. Conducted in-depth laboratory and demonstration field tests on cereals (wheat and barley) showed high efficiency of ZhOT-4 and ZhOT-7, the indicators of which exceeded the well-known reference preparation - Agrostimulin (Ukraine). The growth regulating activity of synthesized compounds was determined. Processing of wheat seeds ZhOT-4 and ZhOT-7 increased the field germination of seeds, plant height, leaf area, the mass of the aerial part and the total area. The conducted studies showed that the biological activity of the tested compounds largely depends on the concentration and the best growth regulator is ZhOT-4. The activity of the synthesized growth regulatory compounds has been determined. Treatment of seeds of with ZhOT-4 and ZhOT-7 increased seed germination, height of plants, leave areas, weight of an elevated part and the total area, weight of an elevated part and the total area. Studies have shown that the biological activity of tested compounds is largely dependent on the concentration and the best growth regulator is ZhОТ-4. Thus, the advanced laboratory and demonstration (small-scale) comparative tests of ZhOT-4 and ZhOT-7 and the well-known reference preparation "Agrostimulin" (Ukraine) for cereals (wheat and barley) showed high efficiency of new synthesized preparations. The use of ZhOT preparations increases the germination and germination energy, the number of spikelets, the mass of grains, the bushiness and the yield of wheat and barley, leads to the accumulation of dry mass in both the ground and underground parts of plants. The advantages of ZhOT-4 and ZhOT-7 are: high efficiency, a wide range of cultures, good solubility in water, low application dose of 0.0001% by active ingredient (1g per 1t of water) or 13-50 mg per hectare, comparable to natural phytohormones, long shelf life, safety, high yield of target products, sequential 3-stage reaction in one reactor. 

scholarly journals Influence of Trap Color, Type, and Placement on Capture Efficacy for Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Cai ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Yinghua Su ◽  
Zhongyue Wang ◽  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Placement Tests ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Trap Color ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Trap Placement

Abstract In recent years, Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis has gradually become an important pest of several crops including grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and peach (Amygdalus persica L.) in Xinjiang, China. Toward improving trapping efficacy as part of a management program, various colors, types, and placement of traps and the use of an attractant were evaluated in field and laboratory studies. Laboratory color-choice tests and field tests indicated that P. brevitarsis adults preferred red. In trap placement tests, more adults were captured on traps placed 1 or 1.5 m above the ground and on top of the horizontal grape canopy. Before grape ripening, more adults were captured in traps placed in a 0.5-m border around the outside edge of the vineyard; during grape ripening, more were caught within the vineyard. Newly designed traps that were red, with a triangular baffle and a landing plate, were more efficient than traditional bucket-shaped traps. When P. brevitarsis adults were trapped and killed from June to July 2018, the population of P. brevitarsis adults in August to early September 2018 was significantly lower than in August to early September 2017, when adults had not been trapped and killed in the prior 2 mo.

Flowering time QTL in natural populations ofArabidopsis thalianaand implications for their adaptive value

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (17) ◽  
pp. 4291-4303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Dittmar ◽  
Christopher G. Oakley ◽  
Jon Ågren ◽  
Douglas W. Schemske
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptive Value

Field tests for ferrous iron and ferric-organic complexes (on exchange sites or in water-soluble forms) in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Childs
Keyword(s):  
Soil Sample ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Ligands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Organic Complexes

A 1 M solution of ammonium acetate containing �, �-dipyridyl indicator is recommended for use in field tests for exchangeable and water-soluble ferrous iron in soils. In using the test, a soil sample may be added to a vial containing the solution, or the solution can be sprayed on to a freshly exposed soil face. A field test for ferric-organic complexes in soils, using the same vials, is proposed. This is based on the photochemical nature of the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron in the presence of oxidizable organic ligands. Two subsamples of soil are added to separate vials, and light is excluded from one. After 5-15 min, a positive test for ferrous iron in the vial exposed to light, and a negative test in the other, indicates the presence of ferric-organic complexes.

Fungal endophytes of Festuca rubra increase in frequency following long-term exclusion of rabbits

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Santangelo ◽  
Nash E. Turley ◽  
Marc T.J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Defensive Mutualism ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Plant – fungal endophyte interactions are common in nature and they can shape the ecology of plants. Vertically transmitted endophytes are hypothesized to serve as mutualists, protecting plants from herbivores. If this hypothesis is true, then we expect endophytes to be most abundant in the presence of herbivores and least abundant in their absence, assuming endophytes incur a cost to their host. We tested this prediction by studying the effects of intense rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus) grazing on grass–endophyte interactions at Silwood Park, UK. We examined seeds of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) collected from 15 natural populations that were protected from rabbits for 0.3–21 years. Contrary to our prediction, the mean proportion of seeds with endophytes increased 1.84×, from 0.45 to 0.83, following 21 years of rabbit exclusion. To better understand the mechanisms driving this increase in frequency, we conducted a fully factorial greenhouse experiment where we manipulated the presence or absence of endophyte infection, intraspecific competition, and simulated grazing on F. rubra plants. In both damaged and undamaged treatments, infected plants produced approximately twice as much biomass as uninfected plants, and endophytes did not influence tolerance to herbivory. These results suggest that endophytes directly change plant growth but not compensatory responses to damage. In the absence of competitors, infected plants produced 2.17× more biomass than uninfected plants, whereas in the presence of competitors, infected plants produced only 1.55× more biomass than uninfected plants. This difference suggests that intraspecific competition might lessen the benefits of endophyte infection. Our results do not support the defensive mutualism hypothesis, but instead suggest that endophyte-induced plant growth is important in shaping the costs and benefits of endophytes in our system.

Toxicity of Transgenic Corn Tissues Expressing Insecticidal Protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to Southwestern Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Laboratory

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Allen ◽  
Henry N. Pitre
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Transgenic Corn ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Diatraea Grandiosella ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Southwestern Corn Borer

Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the response of Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar) larvae to lyophilized transgenic corn tissue expressing the Cry1Ab endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) with conventional corn tissue incorporated into a BioServ™ artificial diet. Whorl leaf, stalk, shank, husk, silk or kernel tissues were tested independently in the diet. Larvae fed diet containing conventional corn weighed more and were longer in length than larvae fed diet containing Bt corn for all tissue types included in the study. The number of larvae that survived depended on the tissue type and age of the tissue. Larvae fed diet with kernel tissue expressing Bt toxin had greater weight and body length than larvae fed the other Bt tissue types. The negative effects of Bt corn tissues expressing the Cry1Ab endotoxin protein on growth of D. grandiosella was observed, even at the diluted concentrations of toxic tissues incorporated into the diet in this study.

scholarly journals Spiroplasma Symbiont of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera)

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 1284-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takema Fukatsu ◽  
Tsutomu Tsuchida ◽  
Naruo Nikoh ◽  
Ryuichi Koga
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
16S Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Successive Generations

ABSTRACT From a laboratory strain of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, we discovered a previously unknown facultative endosymbiotic bacterium. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA revealed that the bacterium is a member of the genusSpiroplasma. The Spiroplasma organism showed stable vertical transmission through successive generations of the host. Injection of hemolymph from infected insects into uninfected insects established a stable infection in the recipients. TheSpiroplasma symbiont exhibited negative effects on growth, reproduction, and longevity of the host, particularly in older adults. Of 58 clonal strains of A. pisum established from natural populations in central Japan, 4 strains possessed theSpiroplasma organism.

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