Metabolizable energy of fish when fed to captive Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1767-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin C. Bennett ◽  
Leslie E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Ardea Herodias ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Energy Coefficient

The efficiency with which the gross energy content of herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is metabolized was determined for 11 captive Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias). There was a linear relationship between apparent metabolized energy and gross energy intake for the mackerel and trout. This relationship was lower and more variable for herring. Estimates of the apparent metabolizable energy coefficient for mackerel and trout were affected by the level of energy intake. Correcting for endogenous energy losses in the excreta yielded estimates of true metabolizable energy coefficients that were independent of gross energy intake. The true metabolizable energy coefficient of mackerel and trout did not differ and averaged 0.866 (SD = 0.014, n = 3 diets). Correcting for nitrogen retention did not improve the estimate of the metabolizable energy coefficient. The metabolizable energy coefficient of herring was highly variable and showed no consistent pattern in relation to energy intake.

Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of juvenile harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
K. Ronald ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Phoca Groenlandica ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Gross Energy

Assimilation efficiency of energy in juvenile harp seals was 92.5–95.0% of gross energy intake when fed Atlantic herring and 72.2% when fed shrimp. Faecal energy losses increased directly with intake. Metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 85.5 to 88.7% of gross energy intake for a diet of herring. Urinary energy losses increased directly with apparent digestible nitrogen intake. Faecal and urinary losses were not affected significantly by feeding frequency. Urine excretion indicated that feeding causes a diuresis, associated with increased energy, nitrogen, and ash excretion. A significant interaction was found for rate of weight change between feeding frequency and energy intake. Seals lost more weight at energy intakes below their maintenance level when fed four meals rather than two meals per day. Differences in rate of weight change with feeding frequency were not observed at other levels of energy intake. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated at 2658 kcal ME daily for seals fed two meals per day and 3514 kcal ME daily when fed four meals per day. Seals required approximately 3 times as much shrimp as herring of high lipid content to meet their energy requirements.

Nutritional evaluation of winter foods of wild turkeys

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2128-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Decker ◽  
Peter J. Pekins ◽  
William W. Mautz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Rosa Multiflora ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Multiflora Rose ◽  
Wild Turkeys ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Red oak acorns (Quercus rubra), fruits of multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), common juniper (Juniper communis), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), and barberry (Berberis spp.), fertile fronds of sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), corn, and apples were fed as mixed rations to eight eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Crude protein content of the foods ranged from 2 (apples) to 19% (sensitive fern). Red oak acorns and juniper berries were 14% fat; other foods were 1–7% fat. Apples were lowest in gross energy content (3.9 kcal/g dry matter (1 cal = 4.1868 J)), and sensitive fern was highest (5.5 kcal/g). Little variation existed in nutrient composition and energy content of the mixed diets. Metabolizable energy values of the diets ranged from 65 to 84% of gross energy intake and from 3.1 to 4.0 kcal/g. Solution of simultaneous equations based on the mixed-diet data yielded metabolizable energy values of individual foods; juniper had the highest metabolizable energy (4.6 kcal/g) and sensitive fern the lowest (2.1 kcal/g); other foods ranged from 3.3 to 4.1 kcal/g. Acorns, corn, and shrubs with persistent fruits (juniper, winterberry, barberry, and multiflora rose) were the most nutritious foods. Metabolizable energy intake of the mixed diets, excluding the juniper-dominated diet, approximated or exceeded the predicted daily energy expenditure of wild turkeys.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and energetic values of wheat and its sub-products for broiler chicken

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 3481
Author(s):  
Jomara Broch ◽  
Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽  
Jeffersson Rafael Henz ◽  
Idiana Mara da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

<p>The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected by nitrogen retention (AMEn) and metabolization coefficients (MC and MCn) of different feeds for broilers from the western region of Paraná State. The experiment was conducted at the Physiology of Birds Laboratory at UNIOESTE. Two hundred and sixty male chicks of the Cobb 500 strain, at 21 days old, were distributed in a randomized design with 12 treatments and four replicates of five birds per experimental unit. The feed ingredients studied were ten different wheat middlings, one triticale, one wheat grain and a reference diet. Values for dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, mineral matter, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium composition were determined as well as the geometric mean diameter of the feed particles. To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) the total excreta collection method was used with growing birds. The chemical composition of the feeds was variable. The values for AME and AMEn ranged from 1. 819-2. 958 and 1. 734-2. 882 kcal. kg-1, respectively. Based on these energetic values and the values for gross energy, the coefficients of metabolizability were calculated. The values ranged from 43. 26-75. 24% for MC and from 42. 28- 73. 31% for MCn.</p>

The energy value to ruminants of malt distillers' draff, and of a mixture of draff and pot ale syrup

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
P. J. S. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Second Period ◽  
By Products ◽  
Copper Poisoning

ABSTRACTTwo foods, distillers' wet draff and draff plus pot ale syrup, containing 207 and 256 g crude protein per kg dry matter respectively, were given as sole food at the maintenance level to four adult wether sheep. Two of the sheep were given draff and two draff plus syrup for a 28-day period; the treatments were then changed over for a second period. The copper contents of the foods were 17 and 30mg/kg dry matter for the draff and draff plus syrup respectively. Sheep are particularly susceptible to copper and care should be taken when feeding such by-products, but during these short-term trials there was no evidence of copper poisoning. Energy losses in the faeces and urine were measured for all sheep, and methane losses were measured in closed-circuit respiration chambers for two sheep on each treatment. The metabolizable energy values of the foods were 10·8 (s.e. 0·15) and 12·5 (s.e. 0·15) MJ/kg dry matter for the draff and draff plus syrup respectively. The proportions of gross energy intake lost as methane were 0·029 for the draff and 0·042 for the draff plus syrup; these were much lower than the values predicted by the commonly used equation.

Energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ronald ◽  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
R. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Gross Energy

Assimilation efficiency of gross energy (±SD) in juvenile and adult grey seals fed Atlantic herring was 92.6 ± 2.1%. Metabolizable energy (ME) was 82.7 ± 4.8% of gross energy intake. Faecal energy losses increased directly with energy intake and urinary energy losses increased directly with apparent digestible nitrogen intake. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated at 4215 kcal (1 cal = 4.1868 J) ME daily for both juvenile and adult seals, equivalent to daily food intakes of 3.0–3.2 and 1.5% of body weight for juvenile and adults, respectively.

True and apparent metabolizable energy values of lucerne and yellow maize in adult roosters and mature ostriches (Struthio camelus)

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cilliers ◽  
J. P. Hayes ◽  
J. S. Maritz ◽  
A. Chwalibog ◽  
J. J. du Preez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Component

AbstractIn an experiment involving 30 roosters and 15 mature male ostriches the apparent metabolizable energy (ME) values, corrected for zero nitrogen retention (AMEn), were determined by balance method for maize and lucerne meal. A group of 10 roosters received maize as the sole dietary component. For the second group of 10 roosters a blend of 750 g/kg maize and 250 g/kg lucerne was prepared. The diet of the third group consisted of 500 g/kg maize and 500 g/kg lucerne meal. The ostrich basal diet consisted of 1000 g/kg lucerne, and was blended in the ratios 50 lucerne: 50 maize and 25 lucerne: 75 maize. Each dietary treatment was given to five ostriches, individually housed in metabolism crates. Food intake and excreta collection was carried out over a period of 5 days after the ostriches had been accustomed to the diets for 7 days. For roosters food intake and excreta collection lasted for 72 h after an adaptation period of 24 h.The AMEn value for maize was 14·49 (s.e. 0·046) MJ/kg in roosters while in ostriches AME,, values of 14·3 (s.e. 1·81) and 14·5 (s.e. 0·845) MJ/kg for the 500 g/kg inclusion and 250 g/kg inclusion respectively were found.In roosters lucerne meal yielded AME,, values of 4·49 (s.e. 0·506) and 4·05 (s.e. 0·321) at 250 g/kg and 500 g/kg inclusion levels respectively. For the ostriches a value of 8·9 (s.e. 0·755) Mj/kg was found for lucerne.True ME, corrected for zero nitrogen retention, (TMEJ was computed by regressing gross energy output on gross energy input over all feeding levels. Maize yielded values of 14·65 (s.e. 0·0455) and 14·9 (s.e. 0·351) for roosters and ostriches respectively while corresponding values for lucerne were 4·03 (s.e. 0·118) and 8·6 (s.e. 0·296) MJ/kg.It was concluded that the ostriches were capable of digesting a high starch diet such as maize to the same extent as adult roosters but ostriches were capable of digesting a high fibre ingredient such as lucerne meal much more efficiently.

A note on the influence of micronization and polyethylene glycol on the nutritional value of brown sorghum for growing pigs

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Savage ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
P. A. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTMicronization followed by grinding of brown-seeded sorghum increased starch availability in vitro but had no effect on proximate composition of the grain. In diets containing 70% of sorghum in ground or micronized and ground form, apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen and nitrogen retention by growing pigs were improved (2·5, 5·0 and 12·2% respectively). Addition to the diet of 0*2 g polyethylene glycol per g crude protein in the sorghum fraction produced similar effects. In the ground cereal diet inclusion of polyethylene glycol increased apparent digestibility of gross energy (3·8%) and improved metabolizable energy content by 5·5%, but i n the micronized and ground cereal diet the additive had no effect.

Assimilation efficiency of prey in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen D Goodman-Lowe ◽  
James R Carpenter ◽  
Shannon Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Hawaiian Monk Seal ◽  
Monachus Schauinslandi ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Monk Seals

Assimilation efficiency, digestive efficiency, metabolizable energy, and nitrogen retention in three captive adult male Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) were measured with the indigestible marker chromic oxide for four experimental diets: a control diet of herring (Clupea harengus) and three test diets consisting of flagtail (Kuhlia sandvicensis), squid (Loligo sp.), and lobster (Panulirus marginatus), each of which was used in combination with herring. The addition of all three test prey to herring decreased the digestibility of gross energy by a mean of 3.58 ± 3.89%. Assimilation efficiency of gross energy was 96.1 ± 4.0% for herring, 73.8 ± 6.8% for flagtail, and 94.1 ± 5.7% for squid, but could not be determined for lobster. Digestive efficiency and metabolizable energy of the diets examined were high (4602.2 ± 247.1 and 4062.5 ± 178.4 kcal/d, respectively; 1 kcal = 4.18 kJ) and were positively correlated with the amount of gross energy ingested. Nitrogen retention was highest for the squid-herring diet (33.2 ± 1.2 g·d-1) followed by the lobster-herring diet (11.5 ± 3.3 g·d-1), the flagtail-herring diet (6.0 ± 0.0 g·d-1), and the herring (control) diet (-5.7 ± 1.6 g·d-1). This study indicates that prey which are both higher in protein and lower in fat than herring provide greater metabolizable energy for productive functions in Hawaiian monk seals.

Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
A. R. Alimon ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

scholarly journals The inhibition of nutrient digestion by wheat pentosans

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Choct ◽  
G. Annison
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Diet ◽  
Water Extractable

Two pentosan-rich fractions (water-extractable, WEP, and alkali-extractable, AEP) were isolated from a wheat milling by-product. When both WEP and AEP were added to a commercial-type broiler diet the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen retention, feed utilization and growth of broilers were significantly (P < 0.001) depressed. These depressions were closely correlated (P < 0.001) to the level of pentosans in the diets. At the highest level of inclusion of pentosans (equivalent to 40 g arabinoxylans as AEP/kg) the ileal digestibilities of starch, protein and lipid were decreased by 14.6, 18.7 and 25.8% respectively.Anti-nutritive effects: Non-starch polysaccharides: Broiler diets

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