Assimilation efficiency of prey in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen D Goodman-Lowe ◽  
James R Carpenter ◽  
Shannon Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Hawaiian Monk Seal ◽  
Monachus Schauinslandi ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Monk Seals

Assimilation efficiency, digestive efficiency, metabolizable energy, and nitrogen retention in three captive adult male Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) were measured with the indigestible marker chromic oxide for four experimental diets: a control diet of herring (Clupea harengus) and three test diets consisting of flagtail (Kuhlia sandvicensis), squid (Loligo sp.), and lobster (Panulirus marginatus), each of which was used in combination with herring. The addition of all three test prey to herring decreased the digestibility of gross energy by a mean of 3.58 ± 3.89%. Assimilation efficiency of gross energy was 96.1 ± 4.0% for herring, 73.8 ± 6.8% for flagtail, and 94.1 ± 5.7% for squid, but could not be determined for lobster. Digestive efficiency and metabolizable energy of the diets examined were high (4602.2 ± 247.1 and 4062.5 ± 178.4 kcal/d, respectively; 1 kcal = 4.18 kJ) and were positively correlated with the amount of gross energy ingested. Nitrogen retention was highest for the squid-herring diet (33.2 ± 1.2 g·d-1) followed by the lobster-herring diet (11.5 ± 3.3 g·d-1), the flagtail-herring diet (6.0 ± 0.0 g·d-1), and the herring (control) diet (-5.7 ± 1.6 g·d-1). This study indicates that prey which are both higher in protein and lower in fat than herring provide greater metabolizable energy for productive functions in Hawaiian monk seals.

Metabolizable energy of fish when fed to captive Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1767-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin C. Bennett ◽  
Leslie E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Ardea Herodias ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Energy Coefficient

The efficiency with which the gross energy content of herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is metabolized was determined for 11 captive Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias). There was a linear relationship between apparent metabolized energy and gross energy intake for the mackerel and trout. This relationship was lower and more variable for herring. Estimates of the apparent metabolizable energy coefficient for mackerel and trout were affected by the level of energy intake. Correcting for endogenous energy losses in the excreta yielded estimates of true metabolizable energy coefficients that were independent of gross energy intake. The true metabolizable energy coefficient of mackerel and trout did not differ and averaged 0.866 (SD = 0.014, n = 3 diets). Correcting for nitrogen retention did not improve the estimate of the metabolizable energy coefficient. The metabolizable energy coefficient of herring was highly variable and showed no consistent pattern in relation to energy intake.

Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
A. R. Alimon ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of juvenile harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
K. Ronald ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Phoca Groenlandica ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Gross Energy

Assimilation efficiency of energy in juvenile harp seals was 92.5–95.0% of gross energy intake when fed Atlantic herring and 72.2% when fed shrimp. Faecal energy losses increased directly with intake. Metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 85.5 to 88.7% of gross energy intake for a diet of herring. Urinary energy losses increased directly with apparent digestible nitrogen intake. Faecal and urinary losses were not affected significantly by feeding frequency. Urine excretion indicated that feeding causes a diuresis, associated with increased energy, nitrogen, and ash excretion. A significant interaction was found for rate of weight change between feeding frequency and energy intake. Seals lost more weight at energy intakes below their maintenance level when fed four meals rather than two meals per day. Differences in rate of weight change with feeding frequency were not observed at other levels of energy intake. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated at 2658 kcal ME daily for seals fed two meals per day and 3514 kcal ME daily when fed four meals per day. Seals required approximately 3 times as much shrimp as herring of high lipid content to meet their energy requirements.

Further studies on the utilization of nitrogen in silage based diets

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Griffiths ◽  
F. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Urea Inclusion ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryTwo digestibility and balance experiments were carried out using 12 growing heifers to compare first and second cut silages fed alone or with supplementary barley or barley and urea, and to measure the effects of the addition of urea to silage and barley diets at three levels of dietary energy.Digestibility of gross energy (GE), N and modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) was higher in first cut than second cut silage diets, and although D.M. intake was slightly lower, metabolizable energy (ME) intake was significantly higher. Inclusion of urea increased the apparent digestibility of N but had no effect on the intake of D.M. or ME. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on first cut than second cut silage diets and was significantly increased by the addition of urea when N intake was low. The relationship between daily N retention (DRN), ME intake (DME) and digestible N intake (DAN) was represented by an equation of the form:DRN =C–2·164DME+0·447DAN–0·00512DAN2+0·0487DMExDAN,but when apparent biological value (ABV) of dietary protein was high DRN was linearly related to DAN. These equations were used to estimate requirements for digestible N. The results of rumen fermentation studies suggested that the response in DRN to urea inclusion could be partially explained by the low rumen ammonia values on silage and barley diets.

scholarly journals NAKED OATS (Avena nuda) WITH AND WITHOUT LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION, FOR BOARS AND BARROWS: GROWTH, CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY, ENERGY AND NITROGEN METABOLISM

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. FRIEND ◽  
A. FORTIN ◽  
J. K. G. KRAMER ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
L. M. POSTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Avena Nuda ◽  
Naked Oats

Thirty-six boars and 36 barrows were fed four diets. The control was a fortified corn-soybean meal diet. Diets 50 L and 100 L were lysine-supplemented, and 48% and 95%, respectively, of the corn and soybean meal were replaced by Tibor naked oats. Diet 100 (unsupplemented) contained 95% naked oats. The diets were pelleted and given ad libitum to pigs housed three per pen. At a slaughter liveweight of approximately 90 kg, the left side of the carcass was used for carcass and meat quality examinations and samples were taken for fatty acid (FA) analysis. Additionally, 24 boars and 24 barrows were fed the four diets in a metabolism trial to determine metabolizable energy and nitrogen values. Daily gain by pigs fed Diet 100 was less (P < 0.01), and their times to market weight were 10 and 8 d longer, respectively, than pigs fed Diets 50 L and 100 L. Boars ate significantly less feed daily than barrows, and the rate of gain for boars was less and feed efficiency higher than for barrows. Total yield of lean meat was less (P < 0.05) from Diet 100 pigs than from those fed the other diets. The carcass index was higher (P < 0.05) for boars (106) than for barrows (102). The FA profile for the Tibor naked oats was very similar to that reported in a previous study even though the two crops were grown on different farms and 1 yr apart. Naked oats increased significantly the concentration of 18:1n–9 and 20:1 in the carcass backfat, but did not influence the quality of the loin muscle fat. An increased (P < 0.05) intensity of flavor in the pork loin roasts was associated with the naked oats diets. Boar roasts scored higher (P < 0.05) for juiciness than those from barrows; there was no difference in boar taint between the two sexes. The metabolizable energy value of the control diet was higher than those of the oats diets; significantly higher when corrected for N retained. Pigs fed Diet 100 L retained (P < 0.05) the most N (18.7 g d−1) and Diet 100 the least (15.8 g d−1). Nitrogen retention as a proportion of N intake was more (P < 0.05) for boars than for barrows. This study supported the inclusion of at least 48% naked oats in a diet for growing-finishing pigs. Key words: Boars, oats (naked), metabolism, carcass, fatty acids, meat quality

The thin sow—observations on digestive efficiency, nitrogen balance and carcass composition

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
Rosa M. Campbell ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Balance Trials

SUMMARYMeasurements were made of apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and lipid, nitrogen balance, pancreatic lipase activity and carcass composition in eight non-pregnant sows during three 10-day balance trials during which the feed intake was 1·1, 0·8 and 2·6 kg/day of a diet containing 14·69% crude protein and 3·0 Meal gross energy/kg DM.All the sows had similar breeding histories and had completed their fourth lactation. Four were in standard condition (mean body weight, 160 kg) and four in thin condition (mean body weight, 134 kg). All the animals lost weight and were in negative nitrogen balance while on the two lower levels of feed intake; the thin sows lost significantly more N than the standard animals (P < 0·05) and on the lowest level of feeding digestibility of DM by the thin sows was significantly less (P < 0·001).In both groups there was a rapid recovery in nitrogen retention and in body weight when the food intake was increased.

A study of the effect of supplementing a concentrate diet with roughages of different quality on the performance of Friesian steers. I. Voluntary food intake and food utilization

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

SUMMARYConcentrate diets supplemented with 5, 20 and 40% of a high- and a low-quality hay were given ad libitum to British Friesian steers from 9 weeks of age to slaughter. The intake of dry matter and metabolizable energy was studied over weight ranges from 91 to 363 kg live weight. The quality of hay did not significantly affect the drymatter intake at any of the weight ranges studied. From 91 to 182 kg live weight the daily dry-matter intake decreased as the proportion of hay in the diet increased. Over the weight range from 182 to 272 kg live weight, intake was maximum at the 20% level of hay supplementation, while from 272 to 363 kg live weight, intake increased with increasing levels of hay in the diet. The supplementation of high-quality hay significantly increased the intake of metabolizable energy by animals weighing 91–182 kg. Increasing proportions of hay in the diet significantly affected the metabolizable energy intake at all stages of growth studied.At 18 and 36 weeks of age digestibility and N balance studies were carried out. The metabolizable energy expressed as a percentage of the gross energy and the mean retention time of the diets were significantly affected by the age of animal, quality of the hay and the level of hay supplementation. Nitrogen retention was also affected by the age of the animal but not by the quality of the hay.The relationships between the voluntary intake of dry matter and the metabolizable energy of the diet expressed as a percentage of the gross energy, for different stages of growth, are also presented.The change in the digestibility and the mean time of retention of the diets in the digestive tract with age and the effect of this on the point where physical regulation to intake gives way to physiological regulation are discussed.

The effect of avoparcin on the ileal and faecal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in the milk-fed calf

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moughan ◽  
E. V. J. Stevens ◽  
I. D. Reisima ◽  
J. Rendel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to determine the effect of the growth promotant avoparcin on the digestion and absorption of nitrogen and amino acids from pre-ruminant milk-fed calves. Eighteen male Friesian calves, 45 kg live weight, were allocated to three diets: a commercial high-quality milk replacer compound (control); control with 100 mg zinc bacitracin per kg (positive control) and control with 40 mg avoparcin per kg. The diets were given once-daily at a set rate of intake during a 14-day metabolic study. On the 15th day the calves were fed at 2-h intervals and ileal digesta were sampled (8 h after the start of feeding) from the euthanazed animal. Estimates of apparent ileal digestibility were determined by reference to an indigestible marker, with the comparable faecal estimates determined following the total collection of faeces.There was no significant effect of avoparcin or zinc bacitracin addition on faecal apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and amino acids or on ileal apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids. Neither was there a significant effect of either additive on nitrogen retention, daily urinary urea and total nitrogen excretions or portal and peripheral plasma urea concentrations. Ileal apparent digestibility coefficients determined on the control diet ranged from 0-82 for glycine to 0-96 for phenylalanine, tyrosine and methionine. The ileal measures of apparent digestibility were more variable than the comparable values determined over the entire digestive tract. Measurements on the faeces compared with measurements on digesta at the terminal ileum gave higher values (P< 0·05) of apparent digestibility for nitrogen and 10 of the 16 amino acids.

Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 1. The effect of moisture content and spontaneous fermentation on nutritional value

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
R. Volcani
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYThe effect of three moisture concentrations (10, 50 and 75%) and of four fermentation conditions (none, 24 hr aerobic, and 24 and 48 hr anaerobic) on the nutritive value of two complete fattening diets containing 25 and 45% poor roughage, was examined in three digestion and nitrogen balance trials, each of Latin square design, in cattle.Fermentation increased the lactic acid and volatile fatty acid concentrations of the feed, decreased its pH and the crude fibre content, and caused losses of dry matter.There were non-significant differences in voluntary intake between the dry and soaked diets. The apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and crude fibre was non-significantly improved by added moisture. There were no consistent differences in nitrogen retention.The average metabolizable energy values (ME) observed for both diets were 6% higher than those calculated. There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of gross energy or in ME value between treatments of different moisture content.The fluctuations in pH of rumen liquor during the day differed markedly when the animals received different levels of roughage. These differences were greater when the feed was allowed to ferment. Soaking of feed resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of propionic acid in the rumen liquor, and a non-significant decrease in that of acetic acid. Consequently the C2/C3ratio was significantly lower on the moist feed treatments.There were no consistent differences in concentration of ammonia in the rumen liquor, or of urea in the blood.

Initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta in adult Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen D. Goodman-Lowe ◽  
Shannon Atkinson ◽  
James R. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Single Pulse ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Hawaiian Monk Seal ◽  
Monachus Schauinslandi ◽  
Pulse Dose ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Monk Seals ◽  
Insight Into

In an effort to gain a better understanding of the digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, we measured initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and frozen corn kernels as markers. Initial defecation time ranged from 9,5 to 19 h (mean 14 ± 4,8 h), which was a longer period of time than that reported for any other pinniped. The rate of passage of digesta measured using a single-pulse dose of Cr2O3 was approximately 39 h for two of the three seals, which is also longer than that reported for other pinnipeds. Possible reasons for these longer rates include morphological and physiological differences, age of the seals, and feeding regime. Percent Cr2O3 recovery was low (52.7–74.8%), reflecting the difficulty in collecting liquid stools. Levels of protein and ash (dry matter basis) were 21.70 and 34.79%, respectively, which reflects the high protein and mineral contents of the herring diet. This study yielded essential base-line data that will provide further insight into the digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal.

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