scholarly journals A toolbox for $$q_{T}$$ and 0-jettiness subtractions at $$\hbox {N}^3\hbox {LO}$$

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Billis ◽  
Markus A. Ebert ◽  
Johannes K. L. Michel ◽  
Frank J. Tackmann

AbstractWe derive the leading-power singular terms at three loops for both $$q_T$$ q T and 0-jettiness, $$\mathcal {T}_0$$ T 0 , for generic color-singlet processes. Our results provide the complete set of differential subtraction terms for $$q_T$$ q T and $$\mathcal {T}_0$$ T 0 subtractions at $$\hbox {N}^3\hbox {LO}$$ N 3 LO , which are an important ingredient for matching $$\hbox {N}^3\hbox {LO}$$ N 3 LO calculations with parton showers. We obtain the full three-loop structure of the relevant beam and soft functions, which are necessary ingredients for the resummation of $$q_T$$ q T and $$\mathcal {T}_0$$ T 0 at $$\hbox {N}^3\hbox {LL}'$$ N 3 LL ′ and $$\hbox {N}^4\hbox {LL}$$ N 4 LL order, and which constitute important building blocks in other contexts as well. The nonlogarithmic boundary coefficients of the beam functions, which contribute to the integrated subtraction terms, are not yet fully known at three loops. By exploiting consistency relations between different factorization limits, we derive results for the $$q_T$$ q T and $$\mathcal {T}_0$$ T 0 beam function coefficients at $$\hbox {N}^3\hbox {LO}$$ N 3 LO in the $$z\rightarrow 1$$ z → 1 threshold limit, and we also estimate the size of the unknown terms beyond threshold.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus A. Ebert ◽  
Bernhard Mistlberger ◽  
Gherardo Vita

Abstract We demonstrate how to efficiently expand cross sections for color-singlet production at hadron colliders around the kinematic limit of all final state radiation being collinear to one of the incoming hadrons. This expansion is systematically improvable and applicable to a large class of physical observables. We demonstrate the viability of this technique by obtaining the first two terms in the collinear expansion of the rapidity distribution of the gluon fusion Higgs boson production cross section at next-to-next-to leading order (NNLO) in QCD perturbation theory. Furthermore, we illustrate how this technique is used to extract universal building blocks of scattering cross section like the N-jettiness and transverse momentum beam function at NNLO.


2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Mohar ◽  
Petr Škoda

AbstractThe complete set of minimal obstructions for embedding graphs into the torus is still not determined. In this paper, we present all obstructions for the torus of connectivity 2. Furthermore, we describe the building blocks of obstructions of connectivity 2 for any orientable surface.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Luis ◽  
Pablo J. Alonso ◽  
Olivier Roubeau ◽  
Verónica Velasco ◽  
David Zueco ◽  
...  

AbstractArtificial magnetic molecules can host several spin qubits, which could then implement small-scale algorithms. In order to become of practical use, such molecular spin processors need to increase the available computational space and warrant universal operations. Here, we design, synthesize and fully characterize dissymetric molecular dimers hosting either one or two Gadolinium(III) ions. The strong sensitivity of Gadolinium magnetic anisotropy to its local coordination gives rise to different zero-field splittings at each metal site. As a result, the [LaGd] and [GdLu] complexes provide realizations of distinct spin qudits with eight unequally spaced levels. In the [Gd2] dimer, these properties are combined with a Gd-Gd magnetic interaction, sufficiently strong to lift all level degeneracies, yet sufficiently weak to keep all levels within an experimentally accessible energy window. The spin Hamiltonian of this dimer allows a complete set of operations to act as a 64-dimensional all-electron spin qudit, or, equivalently, as six addressable qubits. Electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show that resonant transitions between different spin states can be coherently controlled, with coherence times TM of the order of 1 µs limited by hyperfine interactions. Coordination complexes with embedded quantum functionalities are promising building blocks for quantum computation and simulation hybrid platforms.


2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liang Liu

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules play a variety of crucial roles in cellular functions at the level of transcription, translation and gene regulation. RNA functions are tied to structures. In parallel to the experimental determination of RNA structures, such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, which can be laborious, time-consuming and expensive, it is imperative to develop a reliable theoretical/computational model for RNA structure prediction from its sequence. We aim to develop a novel free energy-based model for RNA structures, especially for RNA loops and junctions. One of the major roadblocks for the physics-based RNA tertiary structure prediction is the evaluation of the entropy for RNA tertiary folds. In particular, the entropies of structures with multiple loops and helices can be highly convoluted due to the volume exclusion between the loops and helices. In the first project, we develop a new conformational entropy model for RNA structures consisting of multiple helices connected by cross-linked loops. The basic strategy of our approach is to decompose the whole structure into a number of three-body building blocks, where each building block consists of a loop and two helices that are directly connected to the two ends of the loop. The simple construct of the three-body system allows for accurate computation of the conformational entropy for each building block. Assembly of the building blocks gives the entropy of the whole structure. This approach enables treatment of a large class of RNA tertiary folds. Tests against exact computer enumeration indicate that the method can yield accurate results for the entropy. The method provide a solid first step toward a systematic development of an entropy and free energy model for complex tertiary folds for RNA and other biopolymer. In the second project, we developed a novel approach to the prediction of loop structures from the sequence. The current loop free energy parameters (such as the Turner rules) depend only on the loop length and ignore the loop sequence-dependence. Such an oversimplification can lead to significant inaccuracies in the prediction of loop structure and stability. Here we tackle the problem by extracting the sequence-dependent scoring functions from the known loop structures. Specifically, based on the survey of all the known RNA structures, we derive a set of virtual bond-based scoring functions for the different types of dinucleotides. To circumvent the problem of reference state selection, we apply an iterative method to extract the effective potential, based on the complete conformational ensemble. This new new method has two notable advantages: (1) the statistical potential is extracted from the complete conformational ensemble, including the nonnative structures, (2) the method predicts low-energy loop structures from the sequence without additional information such as the homologous structural template. With such a set of knowledge-based energy parameters, for a given sequence, we can successfully identify the native structure (the best-scored structure) from a set of structural decoys. Our extensive benchmark tests show consistently encouraging success rates in the coarse-grained loop structure predictions.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiran Ganguly ◽  
Kerem Y. Camsari ◽  
Yunfei Gu ◽  
Mircea R. Stan ◽  
Avik W. Ghosh

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 23-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Allamandola ◽  
Max P. Bernstein ◽  
Scott A. Sandford

AbstractInfrared observations, combined with realistic laboratory simulations, have revolutionized our understanding of interstellar ice and dust, the building blocks of comets. Since comets are thought to be a major source of the volatiles on the primative earth, their organic inventory is of central importance to questions concerning the origin of life. Ices in molecular clouds contain the very simple molecules H2O, CH3OH, CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and probably some NH3and H2CO, as well as more complex species including nitriles, ketones, and esters. The evidence for these, as well as carbonrich materials such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), microdiamonds, and amorphous carbon is briefly reviewed. This is followed by a detailed summary of interstellar/precometary ice photochemical evolution based on laboratory studies of realistic polar ice analogs. Ultraviolet photolysis of these ices produces H2, H2CO, CO2, CO, CH4, HCO, and the moderately complex organic molecules: CH3CH2OH (ethanol), HC(= O)NH2(formamide), CH3C(= O)NH2(acetamide), R-CN (nitriles), and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4), as well as more complex species including polyoxymethylene and related species (POMs), amides, and ketones. The ready formation of these organic species from simple starting mixtures, the ice chemistry that ensues when these ices are mildly warmed, plus the observation that the more complex refractory photoproducts show lipid-like behavior and readily self organize into droplets upon exposure to liquid water suggest that comets may have played an important role in the origin of life.


Author(s):  
D.E. Brownlee ◽  
A.L. Albee

Comets are primitive, kilometer-sized bodies that formed in the outer regions of the solar system. Composed of ice and dust, comets are generally believed to be relic building blocks of the outer solar system that have been preserved at cryogenic temperatures since the formation of the Sun and planets. The analysis of cometary material is particularly important because the properties of cometary material provide direct information on the processes and environments that formed and influenced solid matter both in the early solar system and in the interstellar environments that preceded it.The first direct analyses of proven comet dust were made during the Soviet and European spacecraft encounters with Comet Halley in 1986. These missions carried time-of-flight mass spectrometers that measured mass spectra of individual micron and smaller particles. The Halley measurements were semi-quantitative but they showed that comet dust is a complex fine-grained mixture of silicates and organic material. A full understanding of comet dust will require detailed morphological, mineralogical, elemental and isotopic analysis at the finest possible scale. Electron microscopy and related microbeam techniques will play key roles in the analysis. The present and future of electron microscopy of comet samples involves laboratory study of micrometeorites collected in the stratosphere, in-situ SEM analysis of particles collected at a comet and laboratory study of samples collected from a comet and returned to the Earth for detailed study.


Author(s):  
K. K. Soni ◽  
J. Hwang ◽  
V. P. Dravid ◽  
T. O. Mason ◽  
R. Levi-Setti

ZnO varistors are made by mixing semiconducting ZnO powder with powders of other metal oxides e.g. Bi2O3, Sb2O3, CoO, MnO2, NiO, Cr2O3, SiO2 etc., followed by conventional pressing and sintering. The non-linear I-V characteristics of ZnO varistors result from the unique properties that the grain boundaries acquire as a result of dopant distribution. Each dopant plays important and sometimes multiple roles in improving the properties. However, the chemical nature of interfaces in this material is formidable mainly because often trace amounts of dopants are involved. A knowledge of the interface microchemistry is an essential component in the ‘grain boundary engineering’ of materials. The most important ingredient in this varistor is Bi2O3 which envelopes the ZnO grains and imparts high resistance to the grain boundaries. The solubility of Bi in ZnO is very small but has not been experimentally determined as a function of temperature.In this study, the dopant distribution in a commercial ZnO varistor was characterized by a scanning ion microprobe (SIM) developed at The University of Chicago (UC) which offers adequate sensitivity and spatial resolution.


Author(s):  
Yeshayahu Talmon

To achieve complete microstructural characterization of self-aggregating systems, one needs direct images in addition to quantitative information from non-imaging, e.g., scattering or Theological measurements, techniques. Cryo-TEM enables us to image fluid microstructures at better than one nanometer resolution, with minimal specimen preparation artifacts. Direct images are used to determine the “building blocks” of the fluid microstructure; these are used to build reliable physical models with which quantitative information from techniques such as small-angle x-ray or neutron scattering can be analyzed.To prepare vitrified specimens of microstructured fluids, we have developed the Controlled Environment Vitrification System (CEVS), that enables us to prepare samples under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, thus minimizing microstructural rearrangement due to volatile evaporation or temperature changes. The CEVS may be used to trigger on-the-grid processes to induce formation of new phases, or to study intermediate, transient structures during change of phase (“time-resolved cryo-TEM”). Recently we have developed a new CEVS, where temperature and humidity are controlled by continuous flow of a mixture of humidified and dry air streams.


2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Kazunori Haga ◽  
Ataru Sazawa ◽  
Toru Harabayashi ◽  
Nobuo Shinohara ◽  
Minoru Nomoto ◽  
...  

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