EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM WATER DEFICIENCY ON VASCULAR TISSUE OF PETIOLE AND LEAF LAMINA OF SUGAR BEET

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILORAD PERČIĆ ◽  
IVANA MAKSIMOVIĆ ◽  
LANA KRSTIĆ ◽  
JADRANKA LUKOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin alleviates PEG-induced short-term water deficiency in maize by increasing hydraulic conductance

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Qiao ◽  
Jianhong Ren ◽  
Lina Yin ◽  
Yijian Liu ◽  
Xiping Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium oxysporum Causing Yellows on Sugar Beet in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Windels ◽  
J. R. Brantner ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
M. F. R. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Red River ◽  
State University ◽  
Water Control ◽  
First Report ◽  
Red River Valley

In 2002, somel sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) fields in the Red River Valley (RRV) of Minnesota and North Dakota had symptoms characteristic of Fusarium yellows (4). In 2004, ≈5% of fields in the RRV had symptomatic plants. Interveinal yellowing of older leaves typically began in mid-July and as the disease progressed, younger leaves turned yellow. Sometimes, one side of the leaf was yellow or necrotic while the other side remained green. As leaves died, they remained attached to the crown. Transverse sections of roots revealed a light gray-brown discoloration of the vascular tissue but no external rotting of roots. Isolations from 35 symptomatic roots collected in eight fields yielded 25 isolates identified as F. oxysporum (from single conidia grown on homemade potato dextrose agar and carnation leaf agar) (3). Pathogenicity was determined by dipping roots of 5-week-old sugar beet plants (cv. ACH 9363) in a suspension of 104 conidia per ml for 8 min (12 isolates, 10 to 12 plants per isolate). Plants were planted in Cone-tainers (3.8 cm diameter × 21 cm; Stuewe and Sons, Inc. Corvallis, OR) containing sterile soil. Three known cultures of F. oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd. & Hans. f. sp. betae Stewart (= F. conglutinans var. betae Stewart [4]) also were included (13 and 216c from L. Hanson, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO; 0-1122 from The Pennyslvania State University Fusarium Research Center). The control was sterile water. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 24 to 27°C with natural light supplemented with illumination from high-pressure sodium-vapor lamps for 16 h daily and lightly fertilized biweekly to avoid chlorosis from nutrient deficiency. After 6 to 7 weeks, plants were rated for disease on a 0 to 4 scale: 0 = no disease; 1 = slight to extreme plant stunting, leaves may be wilted; 2 = chlorotic leaves, some with necrosis at margins; 3 = tap root dried and brown to black in color, leaves dying; and 4 = plant dead (1). The experiment was repeated. Disease severity differed between trials, but all isolates of F. oxysporum and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae resulted in disease ratings statistically (P < 0.05) greater than that of the water control. In Trial 1, isolates of F. oxysporum averaged a rating of 2.1 (range of 1.8 to 3.3) and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae averaged 2.1 (range of 2.0 to 2.2) compared with 0.1 for the water control. One isolate of F. oxysporum had a statistically higher rating than did the cultures of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae. In Trial 2, isolates of F. oxysporum averaged a rating of 3.3 (range of 2.7 to 3.7) and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae averaged 3.1 (range of 2.7 to 3.4) compared with 0.2 for the water control. Cultures of F. oxysporum (8 of 12) resulted in ratings statistically higher than that of the least pathogenic culture of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae. Cultures of F. oxysporum and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae recovered from inoculated plants were identical to those used to inoculate plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae on sugar beet in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota. The disease has been reported in California, Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas, and Wyoming (1,2). References: (1) R. A. Cramer et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:352, 2003. (2) G. A. Fisher and J. S. Gerik. Phytopathology 84:1098, 1994. (3) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, 1983. (4) D. Stewart. Phytopathology 21:59, 1931.

THE INCORPORATION OF C14 INTO CELLULOSE AND OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES OF SUGAR BEET LEAF DURING SHORT TERM PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN C14O2

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Mortimer ◽  
Clare B. Wylam
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Photosynthetic Assimilation ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The carbohydrates of sugar beet leaf were fractionated by successive extractions in ethanol, water, and three concentrations of potassium hydroxide. Quantitative hydrolysis of the polysaccharides from the water- and alkali-soluble fractions gave galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, and rhamnose in varying proportions. When these fractions from leaves which had photosynthetically assimilated C14O2 for 10 to 120 seconds were analyzed, all fractions, including the alkali-insoluble cellulose, were labelled after only 10 seconds. The proportion of C14 in the alkali-soluble fraction was high relative to that in cellulose after 10 seconds, but similar in both fractions after longer periods. All of the radioactivity in the carbohydrates was in glucose (apart from the fructose of sucrose). When photosynthesis in C14O2 was followed by photosynthetic periods in normal air, the polysaccharide fractions all continued to receive C14-labelled glucose for about 5 minutes. No significant transfer of radioactivity from one fraction to another was detected during an additional 40 minutes. The data indicate that the formation of leaf polysaccharides is closely linked to early products of the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide, and that the different polysaccharides are formed concurrently with little interconversion.

The expression patterns of plasma membrane aquaporins in leaves of sugar beet and its halophyte relative, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, in response to salt stress

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Skorupa-Kłaput ◽  
Joanna Szczepanek ◽  
Katarzyna Kurnik ◽  
Andrzej Tretyn ◽  
Jarosław Tyburski
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractSalt tolerance is largely dependent on a plant’s ability to maintain optimal water status in leaves. The adjustment of water relations under salinity involves changes in the transcriptional activity of genes encoding plasma membrane aquaporins (PIPs). Here, we report the effects of long-term or short-term treatments with moderate or strong salt stress on the expression of BvPIP1;1, BvPIP2;1 and BvPIP2;2 in the leaves of sugar beet, Beta vulgaris cv. Huzar, and its halophyte relative, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Plants subjected to long-term treatment were watered with salt-supplemented media during a 32 day long culture period. Short-term salt treatments were executed either by immersing the petioles of excised leaves into salt solutions for 48h, or incubating excised leaf blades in salt-supplemented media for 20h. B. vulgaris ssp. maritima reacted to long-term salt treatment with a decrease in BvPIP1;1, BvPIP2;1 and BvPIP2;2 expression. Contrastingly, only BvPIP2;2 transcript was down-regulated by salinity in leaves of B. vulgaris cv. Huzar, whereas BvPIP1;1 and BvPIP2;1 did not vary in response to salt-treatments. On the other hand, the expression of BvPIP1;1, BvPIP2;1 and BvPIP2;2 was enhanced by salinity if salt solutions was supplied through leaf petioles, irrespective of genotype. PIP expression in excised leaf blades revealed a complex pattern of changes. BvPIP1;1 and BvPIP2;1 expression underwent a period of transient increase in both the control and salt-treated leaves. Furthermore, BvPIP1;1 expression was enhanced by strong salinity. BvPIP2;2 expression was up-regulated by strong salinity or up- or down-regulated by moderate salinity during the treatment period.

scholarly journals Ураження цукрових буряків церкоспорозом у короткоротаційній плодозмінній сівозміні за різних доз добрив під культуру

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Я. П. Цвей ◽  
М. В. Тищенко ◽  
С. В. Філоненко ◽  
В. В. Ляшенко
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Diagnosis Of Diseases

Наведено результати досліджень впливу різних доз добрив, що вносяться під цукрові буряки, на ураженість рослин культури церкоспорозом у короткоротаційній плодозмінній сівозміні. Встановлено, що в зоні недостатнього зволоження в умовах південно-східного Лісостепу за вирощування цукрових буряків у короткоротаційній плодозмінній сівозміні за застосування під цукрові буряки добрив у дозах 25 т/га гною + N180Р240К180 кг/га д.р. мінеральних добрив, 25 т/га гною + N135Р180К135 кг/га д.р. мінеральних добрив та 50 т/га гною + N90Р120К90 кг/га д.р. мінеральних добрив інтенсивність розвитку церкоспорозу була суттєво нижчою порівняно з контролем без добрив (відповідно 51,9; 48,1 і 50,0 % проти 68,1%). Diseases of sugar beet cause significant damage to beet-eating farms, because potential losses from them can exceed 20 %, and in some years – up to 50–60 % or more. In order to prevent significant deficiencies and losses of sugar beet crops, considerable attention should be paid to timely diagnosis of diseases in plants, to know the bioecological features of the development of their pathogens, the source of primary and secondary infections. It will enable the scientifically substantiated implementation of protective measures that improve the culture and are aimed at limiting and preventing the deve-lopment of individual diseases during plant growth. All it testifies to the relevance of research into the effects of various doses of fertilizers introduced on sugar beet, on the damage to plants of this culture by a clercosporosis, which is considered one of the most common leafy diseases of beets in the zone of insufficient moisture. The article presents the results of studies on the effects of various doses of fertilizers introduced on sugar beet, on the infestation of plants of culture by cercosporosus in short-term fruit-bearing crop rotation. It was established that in the zone of insufficient humidification in the conditions of South-Eastern Forest-Steppe for growing sugar beet in short-rotation fertile crop rotation for application at sugar beet fertilizers at doses of 25 t/ha of manure + N180Р240К180 kg/ha d.r. mineral fertilizers, 25 t/ha manure + N135Р180К135 kg/ha d.r. mineral fertilizers and 50 t/ha manure + N90P120K90 kg/ha d.r. the mineral fertilizers, the intensity of the development of cercosporosus was significantly lower compared to the control without fertilizers, respectively, 51.9, 48.1 % and 50.0 % vs. 68. 1%.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Yellows of Sugar Beet Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1554-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tap Root

Fusarium yellows of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.Fr. f. sp. betae (Stewart) Snyd & Hans., has been a long-term problem in the western United States (3) and recently was reported in Minnesota and North Dakota (4). This disease is typified by interveinal yellowing and wilting of the foliage. Roots have no external symptoms but show internal vascular discoloration. In 2005, 12 sugar beet roots from Michigan with yellows-type symptoms were received by the author. Isolations were made from the cortical and vascular tissue of the crown and tap root. Fusarium spp. isolates were obtained from 10 of the beets, and 16 isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of morphology and pigmentation on potato dextrose agar and spores and phialides on carnation leaf agar (2). F. oxysporum isolates were tested for pathogenicity by dipping roots of 5-week-old susceptible sugar beet plants (FC716) in a suspension of 104 spores per ml for 8 min, 10 plants per isolate. Two known pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae, Fob13 and Fob216c (4), were used for comparison. For a negative control, plants were dipped in sterile water. Beets were planted in Cone-tainers (3.8 cm diameter × 21 cm) containing pasteurized potting mix. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 24 to 27°C and fertilized with 15-30-15 fertilizer every 2 weeks to avoid chlorosis from nutrient deficiency. Plants were rated weekly for foliar symptoms for 6 weeks using a Fusarium yellows rating scale of 0 to 4 in which 0 = no disease and 4 = complete plant death (1). After the final rating, plants were removed from soil and the tap root examined for root symptoms. Root segments were surface disinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and cultured on potato dextrose agar to confirm presence of the pathogen. The experiment was done twice. Seven F. oxysporum isolates tested caused typical Fusarium yellows symptoms including interveinal yellowing, stunting, and wilting of inoculated plants. Pathogenic isolates were obtained from 7 of the 10 beets that yielded F. oxysporum. Symptoms were indistinguishable from those caused by Fob13 (average ratings ranged from 1.8 to 2.4) and milder than those caused by Fob216c (average rating 3.1). No interveinal chlorosis or wilting was observed on the control plants. Isolations from inoculated plants provided F. oxysporum cultures morphologically similar to those used in inoculation by the methods of Nelson et al. (2). No F. oxysporum was isolated from control plants. To my knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing Fusarium yellows on beet in Michigan. References: (1) L. E. Hanson and A. L. Hill. J. Sugar Beet Res. 41:163, 2004. (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983. (3). C. L. Schneider and E. D. Whitney. Fusarium Yellows. Page 18 in: Compendium of Beet Diseases and Insects. C. L. Schneider and E. D. Whitney, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (4) C. E. Windels et al. Plant Dis. 89:341, 2005.

scholarly journals Reconciling the Plant-Animal Interface: Convergence of Optimal Herbage Accumulation and Intake Rate by Sheep Grazing Tall Fescue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Silvestri Szymczak ◽  
Anibal Moraes ◽  
Reuben Mark Sulc ◽  
David Barker ◽  
Alda Lucia Gomes Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Schedonorus Arundinaceus ◽  
Gompertz Curve Model

Abstract Aims This study evaluated the optimal herbage level from both plant and animal perspectives, through the adjustment of instantaneous herbage accumulation rate as estimed by the Gompertz curve model and short-term intake rate of sheep. Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue) was used as an experimental model. Methods Weekly tall fescue herbage accumulation was measured during seven growth periods initiated on monthly intervals (October, November, and December 2015, and March, April, August and September 2016) with the initiation dates arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Total herbage mass, leaf lamina mass, pseudo-stem + sheath mass, senescent mass, and sward surface height were measured each week. Results We demonstrated that a pre-grazing sward surface height of 22.3 cm of tall fescue promoted concomitantly the maximum short-term intake rate of sheep and the instantaneous herbage accumulation rate in the spring and autumn periods. In general, the convergent point occurred after the maximum instantaneous leaf lamina accumulation rate and before the maximum instantaneous accumulation rate of pseudo-stem + sheath and senescent material. Conclusions We suggest the existence of a convergent point in which both primary and secondary production of pastoral ecosystems could be fostered, potentially reconciling the fundamental ecological dilemma of grazing systems.

Agricultural cultivated crops weed infestation depending on different techniques and systems of fall tillage in the Central Chernozem Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Маслов ◽  
Vitaliy Maslov ◽  
Коржов ◽  
Sergey Korzhov ◽  
Трофимова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Central Chernozem Region ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Central Chernozem

Under conditions of the Central Chernozem Region in the period from 1990 till 2012 long-term and short-term experiments were carried out in order to study the effect of different systems and methods of main soil treatment on weed infestation of plantings and yield of field crops. Soil and plant samples analyses were performed by customary methods. It has been defined that improved fall-ploughing and supplementary fall-ploughing at a depth of 6-8 cm allow reducing the quantity of weed vegetation in sugar beet plantings by 22 % and 33.3 % respectively compared to conventional (two-phase) fall-ploughing.

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