THE DYNAMICS OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJELL HAUSKEN ◽  
JOHN F. MOXNES

This article analyzes crime development which is one of the largest threats in today's world, frequently referred to as the war on crime. The criminal commits crimes in his free time (when not in jail) according to a non-stationary Poisson process which accounts for fluctuations. Expected values and variances for crime development are determined. The deterrent effect of imprisonment follows from the amount of time in imprisonment. Each criminal maximizes expected utility defined as expected benefit (from crime) minus expected cost (imprisonment). A first-order differential equation of the criminal's utility-maximizing response to the given punishment policy is then developed. The analysis shows that if imprisonment is absent, criminal activity grows substantially. All else being equal, any equilibrium is unstable (labile), implying growth of criminal activity, unless imprisonment increases sufficiently as a function of criminal activity. This dynamic approach or perspective is quite interesting and has to our knowledge not been presented earlier. The empirical data material for crime intensity and imprisonment for Norway, England and Wales, and the US supports the model. Future crime development is shown to depend strongly on the societally chosen imprisonment policy. The model is intended as a valuable tool for policy makers who can envision arbitrarily sophisticated imprisonment functions and foresee the impact they have on crime development.

Author(s):  
Alizaman D. Gamon ◽  
Mariam Saidona Tagoranao

This study discusses the penetration of Islam in the Philippines, particularly the third wave of its expansion, which was brought by Sufi missionaries. It reinstates the historical relevance of Sufi ideas and approaches due to its contemporary relevance to the concept of social co-existence. The rational, intellectual and philosophical dimension of Islam is manifested in the cultural and traditional life of Muslim communities. The study also analyzes the impact of Muslim struggle for the development of Islamic institutions in the context of the secular state. The ongoing, unsettled debate between Islamic and government approaches to peace and development in Mindanao and Sulu continues unabated. Over the years, reforms were introduced, but in their midst, evidence of government biases and prejudices with regards to Islamic institutions have surfaced. Muslim leaders and intellectuals responded in the context of historical rights and freedom, but those views were often questioned as they are presumed to be incompatible with the national agenda for national unity. It was very recently that this incompatibility was readdressed giving support to having lasting peace and justice in Mindanao. The study argues that there have been substantial state-sponsored reforms which may contribute to the gradual advancement of Muslim communities. Though the path for the passage of Muslim concerns within the given condition is fragile and open to challenges, the study recognizes the prominence of inter-civilizational dialogue, from which the universal values of humanity will be embraced by both Muslim and non-Muslim policy makers. In addition, Muslim and non-Muslim communities in the Philippines need to embrace the universal principle of humanity and coexistence due to its relevance to the political stability and economic growth in the country.  Keywords: Muslims in the Philippines, Islamic institutions, Islamization, Muslim intellectuals, Reform. Abstrak Kajian ini mengkaji tentang kemasukan Islam, terutamanya gelombang ketiga perkembangannya, yang dibawa oleh para pendakwah sufi. Kajian itu mengembalikan semula sejarah penting tentang idea-idea dan pendekatan Sufi yang boleh digunapakai pada masa kini untuk mewujudkan keharmonian sosial di kalangan rakyat pelbagai agama. Pemahaman tentang Islam mempunyai pengaruh yang jelas terhadap kebudayaan dan tradisi Islam. Kajian ini juga menganalisis kesan perjuangan Muslim untuk pembangunan institusi Islam dalam konteks sebuah negara sekular. Perbahasan yang berterusan yang tidak menemukan penyelesaian antara pendekatan Islam dan pendekatan kerajaan untuk perdamaian serta pembangunan di Mindanao dan Sulu terus berlanjutan. Walaupun  bertahun-tahun pembaharuan telah dilakukan, namun terdapat bukti penolakan dan prasangka buruk kerajaan terhadap institusi Islam. Para pemimpin dan intelektual Muslim bertindak berdasarkan pada fakta sejarah dan hak kebebasan bersuara, namun pandangan mereka sering dipertikaikan kerana mereka dianggap tidak seiring dengan agenda dan perpaduan nasional. Baru-baru ini ketidakserasian ini mulai disuarakan semula untuk mendapat sokongan terhadap keamanan dan keadilan yang berterusan di Mindanao. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat pembaharuan yang dilakukan oleh pihak kerajaan yang boleh menyumbang ke arah  kemajuan masyarakat Islam secara beransur-ansur. Walaupun pendekatan bagi memenuhi hasrat orang Islam masih dalam keadaan yang rapuh dan penuh cabaran, namun kajian ini mengusulkan peripentingnya dialog antara peradaban dimana nilai-nilai universal manusia akan diperoleh dan dipegang oleh kedua-kedua pihak pembuat dasar iaitu  Islam dan bukan Islam. Di samping itu, umat Islam dan bukan Islam di Filipina perlu mengkaji dan mencontohi model keharmonian sosial Malaysia dan Singapura kerana kaitannya dengan kestabilan politik dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kata Kunci: Muslim di Filipina, institusi Islam, Islamisasi, intelektual Islam, Pembaharuan.


2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
L M Bhole ◽  
Shahrokh M Saudagaran

Between May 1992 and June 2001, 72 Indian companies tapped the international capital markets with their equity offerings in form of Depositary Receipts (DRs). Initially, most of these programmes were in the form of Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) and were traded on London and Luxembourg stock exchanges. Since 1999, many Indian companies have been listing their American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) on the US stock exchanges. Home market responses to issuance of DRs are of interest to the policy makers, investors, market intermediaries, CFOs, and finance scholars. Policy makers m emerging markets are increasingly concerned about the consequences for the domestic equity market when companies list stocks abroad. The present paper assesses the impact of listing of ADRs/GDRs on the liquidity of the firm's underlying domestic shares by using a sample of 30 Indian DR programmes that listed on the foreign markets between 1st January, 1996 and 30th June, 2001. Consistent with the theoretical assertions and results of Domowitz, Glen and Madhavan (1998), the authors record mixed results — while ADR listings in most cases reduce the liquidity of the domestic underlying shares, GDR listings in most cases increase the liquidity of the domestic underlying shares.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
Judy Kruger

The United States (US) and Caribbean regions remain vulnerable to the impact of severe tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons. In 2017, a series of hurricanes posed threats to residents living in inland and coastal communities as well as on islands isolated from the US mainland. Harvey, Irma, Jose, and Maria caused catastrophic infrastructure damage, resulting in a loss of electrical power and communications due to damaged or downed utility poles, cell towers, and transmission lines. Critical services were inoperable for many months. Emergency managers are public officials who are accountable to both political leaders and the citizens. During disaster events, emergency managers must prioritize areas of effort, manage personnel, and communicate with stakeholders to address critical infrastructure interdependences. Essential lifeline services (eg, energy and communications) were inoperable for many months, which led to increased attention from policy-makers, media, and the public.


Author(s):  
Jia Qi Cheong

This paper offers a brief review of current studies with regards to the impact of COVID-19 on small businesses across countries. This survey of experiences elsewhere might provide insights to policy makers in countries that are struggling to cope with the problem on the initiatives to consider and the additional initiatives that might be necessary to make them effective in their individual country contexts. Given limitations of space, we survey only a limited sample of countries from Asia and Europe, along the US and Canada. Hopefully, their experiences will provide a broad enough spectrum of initiatives for policy makers elsewhere to consider and evaluate. Keywords: Small Business, COVID-19, Impact, Literature Review


2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjeet Parmar

AbstractThe American aggression in Iraq and the campaign in Afghanistan resulted from the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US. 9/11 has had a massive, catalysing effect on the American public, press, main political parties and official foreign policy makers. This article assesses the impact of 9/11 in changing US foreign policy and especially in creating a new foreign policy establishment by comparing it to the consequences of an historical military attack on the United States – Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941. It concludes that there is adequate evidence to suggest that a new bipartisan foreign policy consensus/establishment has emerged.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso de Miguel Arribas ◽  
Alberto Aleta ◽  
Yamir Moreno

The COVID-19 outbreak has become the worst pandemic in at least a century. To fight this disease, a global effort led to the development of several vaccines at an unprecedented rate. There have been, however, several logistic issues with its deployment, from their production and transport, to the hesitancy of the population to be vaccinated. For different reasons, an important amount of individuals is reluctant to get the vaccine, something that hinders our ability to control and - eventually - eradicate the disease. In this work, we analyze the impact that this hesitancy might have in a context in which a more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern spreads through a partially vaccinated population. We use age-stratified data from surveys on vaccination acceptance, together with age-contact matrices to inform an age-structured SIR model set in the US. Our results clearly show that higher vaccine hesitancy ratios led to larger outbreaks. A closer inspection of the stratified infection rates also reveals the important role played by the youngest groups. Our results could shed some light on the role that hesitancy will play in the near future and inform policy-makers and the general public of the importance of reducing it.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Qiyao Yang ◽  
Jun Cai ◽  
Tao Feng ◽  
Zhengying Liu ◽  
Harry Timmermans

The growing worldwide awareness of the significant benefits of bicycling as an urban transport mode has aroused great interest in exploring the role that bikeways play in promoting utilitarian bicycling. However, few studies assess the contribution of citywide bikeway provision with the inclusion of all facility types and differentiation of facility utilities. This study provides new evidence by evaluating the collective effects of bikeway kilometers per square kilometer, bikeway kilometers per 10,000 population, and low-stress bikeway proportion on the bicycle-commuting share in 28 US cities between 2005 and 2017. Using linear panel regression models, we found that the expansion of citywide bikeway infrastructure positively influences the share of commute trips by bicycle. The results also indicated that the proportion of low-stress bikeways has a stronger impact on the bicycling-to-work share than bikeway kilometers per 10,000 population, while the impact of bikeway kilometers per square kilometer ranks last. These findings may aid policy makers and planners in formulating sound city-level bikeway policies favoring sustainable urban transportation scenarios.


Author(s):  
Noeline Alcorn

Calls for educational policy and practice to be evidence-based have become insistent, yet there is ongoing contestation of the purpose and value of educational research. This paper addresses criticism of research from practitioners, politicians and policy makers and from within the research community itself. It examines the impact of the PBRF in New Zealand and the call for evidence-based practice here, in the UK and the US. It draws attention to research studies that are possible models for a principled and methodologically inclusive way forward and develops a set of principles for guiding future development in teacher education and educational research.


2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Muhammad Ramzan ◽  
Sundus Naveed ◽  
Saira Hameed

Exchange rate is an important element of the country’s economic health. It is one of the most scrutinized, anatomized and manipulated economic dimension. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of exchange rate of China on the US trade, employment and on its currency as well. The approach to this paper is to answer the questions such as the mechanism selected by China for its exchange rate determination? What are the interests of China in adopting the fixed exchange rate strategy? How this step of China is affecting the U.S.? What steps are taken by USto abandon China’ policy? This paper concludes that US economy is badly affected; China snatches the jobs of US, exports of China rushes towards US economy while imports from US towards China did not come with that pace. This happens because of exchange rate and trade mechanism adopted by China. Moreover this policy of China is beneficial for its economy but not for the well being of the Chinese people. This paper is beneficial for the researchers, students, policy makers, politicians and economists related to international finance area.


1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Macklin

The era of cost containment is upon us. Bureaucrats and regulators, politicians and insurance administrators have begun to devise schemes for reducing the costs of hospital care and medical services in a country justly proud of the quality of its health care. The term “cost containment” has a neutral ring to it, a tone deliberately chosen by policy makers to soften the impact of its effects. The concept has an aura of virtue, conjuring an image of overflowing expenditures that must be put back into the container. But let us recognize the harsh reality that cost containment is simply another term for rationing, a notion that has somewhat unsavory connotations.The need to embark on rationing arises when a crisis of available goods or services is imminent. We are told that too much money is being spent today on health care in the US. Since spending too much on anything is considered wasteful, and since wastefulness is at least an inefficient, if not an unethical way to treat resources, the conclusion seems inescapable that there is a moral imperative to cut costs in the health care sector. To be sure, the goals of eliminating waste and reducing excessive costs should be pursued by hospitals and physicians alike. But let us not hide behind these noble goals and accept uncritically the idea that to increase efficiency in delivering health care, it is necessary to embark on rationing schemes.


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