scholarly journals BOUNDARIES BETWEEN ANCIENT CULTURES: ORIGINS AND PERSISTENCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1150004 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORREL H. COHEN ◽  
GRAEME J. ACKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Finite Width ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Linguistic Barriers ◽  
Neolithic Agriculture ◽  
Cultural Boundary ◽  
Wave Of Advance ◽  
Strength Of Competition

In a recent work on the wave of advance of a beneficial technology and associated hitchhiking of cultural and biological traits, we simulated the advance of neolithic agriculture into Europe. That model embraced geographical variation of land fertility and human mobility, conversion of indigenous mesolithic hunter-gatherers to agriculture, and competition between invading farmers and indigenous converts. A key result is a sharp cultural boundary across which the agriculturalists' heritage changes from that of the invading population to that of the converts. Here we present an analytical study of the cultural boundary for some simple cases. We show that the width of the boundary is determined by human mobility and the strength of competition. Simulations for the full model give essentially the same result. The finite width facilitates irreversible gene flow between the populations, so over time genetic differences appear as gradients while e.g. linguistic barriers may remain sharp. We also examine the various assumptions of the model relating to purposeful versus. random movement of peoples and the competition between cultures, demonstrating its richness and flexibility.

scholarly journals Immigration Civil Service Investigator Authority in Implementing Investigation and Investigation as Law Enforcement Efforts on Immigration Criminal Actions

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Ridha Nikmatus Syahada ◽  
Muhammad Azzam Alfarizi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
International Human ◽  
National Police

Monitoring international human mobility through cross-border countries in terms of immigration has various implications for a country's survival. Immigration has a vital function in supervising and implementing the law on the traffic of foreign nationals and inhabitants of their own country in order to compensate for the threat that enters a country's territory. Immigration law enforcement is carried out both administratively and pro-judicially in its application. An Immigration Civil Servant Investigator (PPNS) is constituted in the Immigration Office to carry out its role and to deal with immigration offences that arise. This study is a descriptive analytical study of the flaws discovered with the juridical normative method employed by gathering and analyzing the literature sources gathered. Immigration Civil Servant Investigators are legally liable for their investigative acts in line with the applicable rules and regulations when conducting investigations, while official responsibilities are carried out hierarchically. Article 105 of Law Number 6 of 2011 establishes the presence of civil servant investigators, which certifies that immigration investigators are authorized to examine immigration offences committed in line with the terms of this Law. However, in its implementation, PPNS Immigration can collaborate with the National Police to carry out supervision, investigation, and investigation to optimize its supervisory and law enforcement tasks in order to help carry out both preventive and repressive law enforcement in order to build a conducive legal order

Simulating human mobility with a Lagrangian Constraint Random Walk Model based on climatic and environmental conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Klein ◽  
Yaping Shao ◽  
Masoud Rostami
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Random Walk Model ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Random Component ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Environment Model ◽  
The Last Glacial

<p>Archaeological records indicate that human population experienced frequent decline and growth as humans were on their way to populate the whole planet. Our hypothesis is that climate and environment were the main drivers for human existence and dispersal. Based on this hypothesis, we develop a Lagrangian Constraint Random Walk Model (CRW) to simulate the dispersal of hunter-gatherers. Human existence potential (HEP) is estimated using climate/environment model data, supported by archaeological evidence. The CRW simulates the movement of individual humans with a stochastic differential equation. While the movement of the individuals has a random component, it is constrained by a drift term which depends on the HEP. Population growth and decline are represented using a birth and a death term. Sociological elements of hunter-gatherers, such as population pressure, conflicts, and cooperation, are considered in the model. With the CRW, we estimate human mobility and dispersal based on the statistical behavior of a large ensemble of individuals. Furthermore, by varying the external factors and hence the HEP, we evaluate the response of hunter-gatherer societies to climate change. We will present the model and a case study on the mobility of hunter-gatherers on the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum.</p>

scholarly journals Estimating the relative importance of demic and cultural diffusion in the spread of the Neolithic in Scandinavia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (148) ◽  
pp. 20180597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Fort ◽  
Maria Mercè Pareta ◽  
Lasse Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Cultural Diffusion ◽  
Early Farming ◽  
Wave Of Advance ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Demic Diffusion

Using a database of early farming sites in Scandinavia, we estimate that the spread rate of the Neolithic was in the range 0.44–0.66 km yr −1 . This is substantially slower (by about 50%) than the rate in continental Europe. We interpret this result in the framework of a new mathematical model that includes horizontal cultural transmission (acculturation), vertical cultural transmission (interbreeding) and demic diffusion (reproduction and dispersal of farmers). To parametrize the model, we estimate reproduction rates of early farmers using archaeological data (sum-calibrated probabilities for the dates of early Neolithic Scandinavian sites) and use them in a wave-of-advance model for the first time. Comparing the model with the archaeological data, we find that the percentage of the spread rate due to cultural diffusion is below 50% (except for very extreme parameter values, and even for them it is below 54%). This strongly suggests that the spread of the Neolithic in Scandinavia was driven mainly by demic diffusion. This conclusion, obtained from archaeological data, agrees qualitatively with the implications of ancient genetic data, but the latter are yet too few in Scandinavia to produce any quantitative percentage for the spread rate due to cultural diffusion. We also find that, on average, fewer than eight hunter–gatherers were incorporated in the Neolithic communities by each group of 10 pioneering farmers, via horizontal and/or vertical cultural transmission.

scholarly journals Palaeolithic Populations and Waves of Advance

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Fort ◽  
Toni Pujol ◽  
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Ams Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Wave Of Advance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Good Agreement

The wave-of-advance model has been previously applied to Neolithic human range expansions, yielding good agreement to the speeds inferred from archaeological data. Here, we apply it for the first time to Palaeolithic human expansions by using reproduction and mobility parameters appropriate to hunter-gatherers (instead of the corresponding values for preindustrial farmers). The order of magnitude of the predicted speed is in agreement with that implied by the AMS radiocarbon dating of the lateglacial human recolonization of northern Europe (14.2–12.5 kyr bp). We argue that this makes it implausible for climate change to have limited the speed of the recolonization front. It is pointed out that a similar value for the speed can be tentatively inferred from the archaeological data on the expansion of modern humans into the Levant and Europe (42–36 kyr bp).

scholarly journals Origins of house mice in ecological niches created by settled hunter-gatherers in the Levant 15,000 y ago

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (16) ◽  
pp. 4099-4104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lior Weissbrod ◽  
Fiona B. Marshall ◽  
François R. Valla ◽  
Hamoudi Khalaily ◽  
Guy Bar-Oz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Selection Dynamics ◽  
Pastoral Households ◽  
Animal Communities

Reductions in hunter-gatherer mobility during the Late Pleistocene influenced settlement ecologies, altered human relations with animal communities, and played a pivotal role in domestication. The influence of variability in human mobility on selection dynamics and ecological interactions in human settlements has not been extensively explored, however. This study of mice in modern African villages and changing mice molar shapes in a 200,000-y-long sequence from the Levant demonstrates competitive advantages for commensal mice in long-term settlements. Mice from African pastoral households provide a referential model for habitat partitioning among mice taxa in settlements of varying durations. The data reveal the earliest known commensal niche for house mice in long-term forager settlements 15,000 y ago. Competitive dynamics and the presence and abundance of mice continued to fluctuate with human mobility through the terminal Pleistocene. At the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha, house mice displaced less commensal wild mice during periods of heavy occupational pressure but were outcompeted when mobility increased. Changing food webs and ecological dynamics in long-term settlements allowed house mice to establish durable commensal populations that expanded with human societies. This study demonstrates the changing magnitude of cultural niche construction with varying human mobility and the extent of environmental influence before the advent of farming.

scholarly journals Estimating mobility using sparse data: Application to human genetic variation

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (46) ◽  
pp. 12213-12218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisa Loog ◽  
Marta Mirazón Lahr ◽  
Mirna Kovacevic ◽  
Andrea Manica ◽  
Anders Eriksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Western Eurasia

Mobility is one of the most important processes shaping spatiotemporal patterns of variation in genetic, morphological, and cultural traits. However, current approaches for inferring past migration episodes in the fields of archaeology and population genetics lack either temporal resolution or formal quantification of the underlying mobility, are poorly suited to spatially and temporally sparsely sampled data, and permit only limited systematic comparison between different time periods or geographic regions. Here we present an estimator of past mobility that addresses these issues by explicitly linking trait differentiation in space and time. We demonstrate the efficacy of this estimator using spatiotemporally explicit simulations and apply it to a large set of ancient genomic data from Western Eurasia. We identify a sequence of changes in human mobility from the Late Pleistocene to the Iron Age. We find that mobility among European Holocene farmers was significantly higher than among European hunter–gatherers both pre- and postdating the Last Glacial Maximum. We also infer that this Holocene rise in mobility occurred in at least three distinct stages: the first centering on the well-known population expansion at the beginning of the Neolithic, and the second and third centering on the beginning of the Bronze Age and the late Iron Age, respectively. These findings suggest a strong link between technological change and human mobility in Holocene Western Eurasia and demonstrate the utility of this framework for exploring changes in mobility through space and time.

Syrian Crisis and Migration

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Yazgan ◽  
Deniz Eroglu Utku ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.

Book Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
Antonina Levatino
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Transnational Mobility ◽  
Migration Management ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Migration Control ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Controversial Nature

Martin Geiger & Antoine Pécoud (eds.), Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 271 pp., (ISBN 978-1-137-26306-3).In the last decades a very diverse range of initiatives have been undertaken in order to intensify and diversify the ways human mobility is managed and restricted. This trend towards a ‘diversification’ of the migration control strategies stems from the increased awareness by the nation-states of the profoundly controversial nature of the migration management enterprise because of its political, economic, social and moral implications.

Analytical Study of Violence Theme in Victoria Schwab’s This Savage Song

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
Research Article ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Right

This research article focuses on the theme of violence and its representation by the characters of the novel “This Savage Song” by Victoria Schwab. How violence is transmitted through genes to next generations and to what extent socio- psycho factors are involved in it, has also been discussed. Similarly, in what manner violent events and deeds by the parents affect the psychology of children and how it inculcates aggressive behaviour in their minds has been studied. What role is played by the parents in grooming the personality of children and ultimately their decisions to choose the right or wrong way has been argued. In the light of the theory of Judith Harris, this research paper highlights all the phenomena involved: How the social hierarchy controls the behaviour. In addition, the aggressive approach of the people in their lives has been analyzed in the light of the study of second theorist Thomas W Blume. As the novel is a unique representation of supernatural characters, the monsters, which are the products of some cruel deeds, this research paper brings out different dimensions of human sufferings with respect to these supernatural beings. Moreover, the researcher also discusses that, in what manner the curse of violence creates an inevitable vicious cycle of cruel monsters that makes the life of the characters turbulent and miserable.

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