Probabilistic Analysis of Random Structural Intensity for Structural Members under Stochastic Loadings

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu-Siu Guo ◽  
Dongfang Wang ◽  
Zishun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flow ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Structural Intensity ◽  
Dynamic Loadings ◽  
Arbitrary Section ◽  
Stationary Loading ◽  
Fpk Equation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Probability Density Function Pdf

The concept of structural intensity (SI) is extended to the random domain by introducing a physical quantity denominated random structural intensity (RSI). This quantity is formulated for mechanical systems whose dynamical responses are stochastic due to random excitations. In order to fully characterize the stochastic behavior of a system under random loadings, it is imperative to obtain the probability density function (PDF) of RSI. Based on the elastic theory and the definition of SI, RSI is expressed as functions of system responses. In general, the PDF of system responses is governed by Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation under the assumption that random dynamic loadings are idealized as white noise excitations. Therefore, the PDF of RSI is derived with the joint PDF of system responses. In the present study, four demonstrating cases of beams and plates under separately concentrated and uniform random loadings are studied to investigate the properties of RSI. Stationary and non-stationary PDFs of RSI at arbitrary section of beam and plate are obtained. Numerical results show that the PDF of RSI is transient at early stage of stationary loading and then converges to the exact stationary ones as time increases. With the obtained PDFs of RSI, energy transmission path over the beam and plate can be determined, which is guided from the locations with lower probabilities of RSI to the ones with higher probabilities of RSI. Furthermore, virtual energy flow sinks on the plate and beam can be found, which are identified by the locations with the maximum probabilities of RSI.

scholarly journals Risk factors in the recurrence of the colorectal cancer

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ulanska ◽  
A. Dziki ◽  
W. Langner
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Local Recurrence ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Tnm System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

Traditionally, the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients may be predicted by pathological staging by either Dukes staging or the UICC-TNM system. However, some of Dukes stage A (approximately 10% of patients) and Dukes B patients (30-40%) will develop local recurrence or distant metastasis years after receiving standard surgical treatments. Therefore it is important to find some other indicators that can predict for recurrence so that we can screen for high-risk early-stage patients who may need preventive chemotherapy or other adjuvant therapy. The aim of this study is determination of risk factor for local recurrence in rectal cancer. In this study there has been used and summarized also research records and publications from different clinical hospitals according to actual international literature. Part of elements connected with patient, tumor and genetic and immunological factors remains independent on curative procedures. However better investigation these factors might affect on therapy, frequency of follow-up examinations, and help to detect recurrence at very early phase. Concomitant treatment factors are able to be moderate by surgeons and therapeutics. Therefore precise definition of risk factors might be helpful in decrease recurrence rate in patients with rectal cancer.

Start-Ups and Spin-Offs in Biotechnology Sector in Poland

Biotechnology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1293-1321
Author(s):  
Anna Białek-Jaworska ◽  
Renata Gabryelczyk
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Warsaw Stock Exchange ◽  
Business Line ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Start Ups

This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

Regulation of Blockchain Token Sales in the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Houman B. Shadab
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Securities Regulation ◽  
Securities Law ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
Software Service ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Software Services ◽  
Initial Coin Offerings

This chapter provides an overview of how US securities regulation applies to the sale of cryptographic tokens using a distributed ledger, so-called initial coin offerings. Token sale transactions that meet the definition of ‘investment contract’ qualify as regulated securities transactions following the seminal 1946 court decision in the Securities Exchange Commission’s lawsuit against the W. J. Howey company. Currently, there exists substantial legal uncertainty regarding the regulatory classification of token sales involving utility tokens that provide their holders with non-financial, software-based functionality. As implied in a June 2018 speech by a high-ranking SEC official, sales of tokens may initially qualify as regulated securities transactions, yet later fail to qualify as regulated investment contracts if the tokens’ underlying network becomes sufficiently decentralized. Distributed ledger technology is disrupting the nature and operation of early-stage fundraising and access to software services and enabling the sale of digital tokens that operate as a cryptocurrency or provide access to a software service through the use of a blockchain or distributed ledger. The sale of such tokens, so-called initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’), is often in exchange for cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum or Bitcoin (however, tokens could be sold in exchange for fiat currency). From January to May 2018, globally US$13.7 billion in tokens were sold by 537 companies or projects, an amount greater than all previous time periods combined. This chapter discusses under what circumstances US securities law applies to the sale of such tokens.

Early-Stage Definition of LPX: A Low Power Issue-Execute Processor

2003 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bose ◽  
D. Brooks ◽  
A. Buyuktosunoglu ◽  
P. Cook ◽  
K. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Definition Of

Temperature-Related Ultrastructural Changes in Early Stage Amelogenesis in Vascularly Perfused Rat Incisors

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Takano ◽  
M. Akai ◽  
S. Matsuo ◽  
S. Wakisaka ◽  
H. Ichikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granular Material ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Coated Pits ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Perfusion Fixation ◽  
Definition Of

Vascularly perfused rat incisors were investigated by electron microscopy in order to achieve further definition of the origin and nature of stippled material in developing enamel. A prolonged (20-minute) pre-wash perfusion of the rat with a physiological solution at 37°C prior to perfusion fixation retained good morphology of the secretory ameloblasts and adjacent enamel, showing virtually no extracellular accumulation of granular material. Granular material appeared throughout the developing enamel after pre-wash perfusion at low temperatures (0-2°C), and accumulated in the extensively dilated extracellular spaces between the proximal portions of Tomes' processes, where numerous coated pits and coated vesicles were located. Vascular perfusion at 37°C, preceded by a cold perfusion, abolished the granular material in the developing enamel, whereas the granular material in the extracellular spaces between Tomes' processes remained as huge droplets of dense material. These results indicate that at least a part of the matrix protein of rat incisor developing enamel has the physico-chemical property to dissociate at low temperature during pre-wash perfusion and move toward the enamel surface. Thus, in perfusion-fixed specimens, an intimate relationship between the artifactual formation of stippled material and the temperature of the pre-wash perfusate is suggested.

Surface markers in stem cells and cancer from the perspective of glycomic analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan-Chieh Cho ◽  
Chien- Huang Liao ◽  
Alice L Yu ◽  
John Yu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Biomarkers

Most cancers are detected when patients present with symptoms, and at that point the disease is usually quite advanced and often not curable. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed for detection and therapy. The recent success of using monoclonal antibodies against nonprotein gangliosides for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma provides an incentive to search for new glycan-targeted immunotherapies for cancer using markers found through glycomic analysis as targets. Since more than 85% of cell surface components are glycosylated, glycomic analysis is useful to probe systematically the cancer cell surface, in search for novel glycoproteins and glycolipids. Furthermore, cancer cells tend to dedifferentiate and express many oncofetoproteins, since human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from epiblast of embryo, representing the early stage of normal embryonic development before gastrulation. Unique ESC surface markers are likely to be found in cancer cells, but not in normal mature tissues. Moreover, stem cells and cancer cells share several common features in related regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways. Thus, identification of the cancer stem cells in cancer and definition of the glycoproteomic changes that accompany their transformation are important for the development of strategies for early detection and treatment of cancer.

DSM-Based Product Representation for Design Process Modularity

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Lai ◽  
John K. Gershenson
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Product Representation ◽  
Stage Design ◽  
Design Efficiency ◽  
Product Modularity ◽  
Definition Of

An appropriate modularity representation is of critical importance in modular design. Without an appropriate representation, modular design cannot realize its benefits. In this paper, a representation for DSM-based modular product design is developed that facilitates product modularization with respect to the design process. The representation is based upon previous work presented in this venue that details representations for the assembly and manufacturing processes (Lai and Gershenson, 2007a; Lai and Gershenson, 2007b). The representation for the design process includes a design process similarity matrix and a design process dependency matrix. The definition of design process similarity uses information available in early stage design and is based on the similarity of the design tools and resources required for later stage design. Design process similarity within a module leads to increased design efficiency from the sharing of functional and geometric analyses and possibly the savings of not needing to “un-immerse” from a particular design task to “re-immerse” in the design of the next component. The definition of design process dependency is based on the connectivity caused by components’ design process attributes with the goal of fewer design interactions between different modules. With zero dependencies between modules, we hope to contain the cascade of design changes within each module, and prevent the need to redesign other modules. In this paper, we first present which design process elements we should consider for defining design process similarity and dependency, and then construct respective similarity and dependency factors tables. These tables include similarity and dependency factors, which, along with their values, are important in determining a product’s modular architecture at the early stages of design. Finally, a computer mouse is used to illustrate how to apply these factors tables to generate the similarity and dependency matrices that represent product modularity for the product design process. Using these representations as input to the DSM-based modular design methods, we can achieve a design with a modular architecture that improves design efficiency in the later stages of design. In the future, we hope to extend and generalize the process for developing product modularity representations so that it is applicable across all life-cycle processes.

Reflection and transmission at the boundary between two counterstreaming MHD plasmas – active boundaries or negative-energy waves?

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. M. WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flow ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Reflection And Transmission ◽  
Moving Plasma ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Energy Interchange

A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave, incident on the boundary between two MHD media in relative motion, may be amplified or attenuated by exchanging energy with the kinetic energy of the background flow. The conventional treatment of this problem uses a definition of the wave energy such that energy is conserved at the boundary. An amplified reflected wave then leads to the requirement of a transmitted wave carrying negative energy. Such an approach, while producing correct results, obscures the nature and location of the energy interchange. In this paper, the proper definitions of energy density and flux in a moving plasma are discussed, and the relationship of the group velocity and the energy flow is clarified. The mechanism by which energy is exchanged between streaming plasma and wave is through the work done by the Maxwell and Reynolds stresses on the gradient of velocity at the boundary. The location of the energy exchange is identified as the active boundary, with no need to invoke ideas of negative energy. The relationship between the two approaches is critically discussed.

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