ESTABLISHING IN-HOUSE REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR DOGS IN VETERINARY CLINICS

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Shang-Hsiu Chung ◽  
Li-Wen Chang ◽  
Tsun-Li Cheng ◽  
Chen-Jou Lin ◽  
Wen-Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Coagulation Parameters ◽  
American Society ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Reference interval (RIs) were critical to the identification of illness. However, RIs set in one laboratory may not be appropriate for another because of biological, geographical and instrumental factors. Interpretation of clinical data using inappropriate RIs may cause misclassification of results and misdiagnosis that lead to improper treatment. RIs in Taiwan have been mostly referencing from foreign resources, it is desirable to establish one that is closer to the overall conditions in Taiwan (such as breed, climate, diseases, etc.) and to investigate its differences to foreign RIs. The present study used the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines to establish in-house RIs for hematological, biochemical and coagulation parameters using dogs in middle Taiwan. The results were also compared to two foreign and one local RIs. The results suggested that the hematological RIs are more comparable to foreign RIs than the biochemical and hemostatic parameters. Differences were found for biochemical parameters including gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipase, uric acid, bile acid, bilirubin and magnesium; and coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin. In all, 18% (7/40) of the all tested parameters were different from the local RI while 38% (18/48) and 41% (19/46) of the parameters were different from the two foreign RIs. The differences in more than 30% RIs and better similarities to local RIs underscore the importance of having own RIs if possible.

scholarly journals Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Steyrer ◽  
Michele Miller ◽  
Jennie Hewlett ◽  
Peter Buss ◽  
Emma H. Hooijberg
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
American Society

The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is listed as vulnerable, with wild populations threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Clinical pathology is used to detect and monitor disease and injury, however existing reference interval (RI) studies for this species have been performed with outdated analytical methods, small sample sizes or using only managed animals. The aim of this study was to generate hematology and clinical chemistry RIs, using samples from the free-ranging elephant population in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Hematology RIs were derived from EDTA whole blood samples automatically analyzed (n = 23); manual PCV measured from 48 samples; and differential cell count results (n = 51) were included. Clinical chemistry RIs were generated from the results of automated analyzers on stored serum samples (n = 50). Reference intervals were generated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines with a strict exclusion of outliers. Hematology RIs were: PCV 34–49%, RBC 2.80–3.96 × 1012/L, HGB 116–163 g/L, MCV 112–134 fL, MCH 35.5–45.2 pg, MCHC 314–364 g/L, PLT 182–386 × 109/L, WBC 7.5–15.2 × 109/L, segmented heterophils 1.5–4.0 × 109/L, band heterophils 0.0–0.2 × 109/L, total monocytes 3.6–7.6 × 109/L (means for “regular” were 35.2%, bilobed 8.6%, round 3.9% of total leukocytes), lymphocytes 1.1–5.5 × 109/L, eosinophils 0.0–0.9 × 109/L, basophils 0.0–0.1 × 109/L. Clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 41–55 g/L, ALP 30–122 U/L, AST 9–34 U/L, calcium 2.56–3.02 mmol/L, CK 85–322 U/L, GGT 7–16 U/L, globulin 30–59 g/L, magnesium 1.15–1.70 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.28–2.31 mmol/L, total protein 77–109 g/L, urea 1.2–4.6 mmol/L. Reference intervals were narrower than those reported in other studies. These RI will be helpful in the future management of injured or diseased elephants in national parks and zoological settings.

Biochemical and Hematologic Reference Intervals for Anesthetized, Female, Juvenile Yorkshire Swine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Dimitrakakis ◽  
Anna Waterhouse ◽  
Shanda Lightbown ◽  
Daniel C Leslie ◽  
Amanda Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Papio Hamadryas ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Human Value ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domesticus ◽  
American Society

Swine are widely used in biomedical research, translational research, xenotransplantation, and agriculture. For these uses,physiologic reference intervals are extremely important for assessing the health status of the swine and diagnosing disease.However, few biochemical and hematologic reference intervals that comply with guidelines from the Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology are available for swine. These guidelines state that reference intervals should be determined by using 120 subjects or more. The aim of this study was to generate hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for female, juvenile Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to compare these values with those for humans and baboons (Papio hamadryas). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery or vein of female, juvenile Yorkshire swine, and standard hematologic and biochemical parameters were analyzed in multiple studies. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals were calculated for arterial blood samples from Yorkshire swine (n = 121 to 124); human and baboon reference intervals were obtained from the literature. Arterial reference intervals for Yorkshireswine differed significantly from those for humans and baboons in all commonly measured parameters except platelet count,which did not differ significantly from the human value, and glucose, which was not significantly different from the baboonvalue. These data provide valuable information for investigators using female, juvenile Yorkshire swine for biomedical research,as disease models, and in xenotransplantation studies as well as useful physiologic information for veterinarians and livestock producers. Our findings highlight the need for caution when comparing data and study outcomes between species.

scholarly journals Normal Reference Intervals and the Effects of Time and Feeding on Serum Bile Acid Concentrations in Llamas

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire B. Andreasen ◽  
Erwin G. Pearson ◽  
Brad B. Smith ◽  
Terry C. Gerros ◽  
E. Duane Lassen
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Serum Bile Acid ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Significant Difference

Fifty clinically healthy llamas, 0.5–13 years of age (22 intact males, 10 neutered males, 18 females), with no biochemical evidence of liver disease or hematologic abnormalities, were selected to establish serum bile acid reference intervals. Serum samples submitted to the clinical pathology laboratory were analyzed using a colorimetric enzymatic assay to establish bile acid reference intervals. A nonparametric distribution of llama bile acid concentrations was 1–23 μmol/liter for llamas >1 year of age and 10–44 μmol/liter for llamas ≤1 year of age. A significant difference was found between these 2 age groups. No correlation was detected between gender and bile acid concentrations. The reference intervals were 1.1–22.9 μmol/liter for llamas >1 year of age and 1.8–49.8 μmol/liter for llamas ≤1 year of age. Additionally, a separate group of 10 healthy adult llamas (5 males, 5 females, 5–11 years of age) without biochemical or hematologic abnormalities was selected to assess the effects of feeding and time intervals on serum bile acid concentrations. These 10 llamas were provided fresh water and hay ad libitum, and serum samples were obtained via an indwelling jugular catheter hourly for 11 hours. Llamas were then kept from food overnight (12 hours), and subsequent samples were taken prior to feeding (fasting baseline time, 23 hours after trial initiation) and postprandially at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. In feeding trials, there was no consistent interaction between bile acid concentrations and time, feeding, or 12-hour fasting. Prior feeding or time of day did not result in serum bile acid concentrations outside the reference interval, but concentrations from individual llamas varied within this interval over time.

scholarly journals Reference values of 23 clinically important biochemical parameters in 107 normal pleasure horses residing in northern Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
N. DIAKAKIS (Ν.ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
M. E. MYLONAKIS (Μ. Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
N. ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) ◽  
C. KOUTINAS (Χ.Κ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) ◽  
A. FYTIANOU (Α. ΦΥΤΙΑΝΟΥ) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Biochemical Parameter ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Biochemical Profile ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Abnormal Increase

The purpose of this study was το establish die reference values of die most useful biochemical parameters from a clinical ροίητ of view in pleasure horses kept in northern greek riding clubs. This biochemical profile included a total of 23 parameters such as Urtai proteins, albumins, globulins, the albumin/globulin ratio, urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), gamma-glutamylotransferase (γ-GT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogonase (LDH), sorbitol dehydrogonase (SD), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg). A total of 107 horses, which had been considered clinically normal on historical, clinical and hematological grounds, were sampled. All the measurements were done in the blood serum, applying the relevant methods and reagents which are normally used in the Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, A.U.T.. Besides the establishment of the reference interval for each biochemical parameter, all the factors that may cause an abnormal increase or decrease are discussed accordingly.

scholarly journals Reference Interval for Renal Profile parameters in North Indian Population from Rajasthan

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Dharmveer Yadav ◽  
Monika Gupta ◽  
Sandhya Mishra ◽  
Praveen Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
North Indian Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
Objective Reference

Objective: Reference intervals are an essential part of laboratory medicine. Current study was planned to evaluate renal parameters in the healthy defined group of individuals which would serve as reference values of renal parameters for the North Indian population from Rajasthan.Design & Methods: Present study was conducted on 2021 apparently healthy individuals of North Indian origin ranging in age from 15-60 years, were selected randomly using defined criteria. Fasting samples were analyzed for Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride. Data were analyzed for middle 95 percentile (2.5th-97.5th percentile), median and 95% confidence interval using SPSS software package version 10.0.Result: RI for Urea, Creatinine and uric acid were lower in female (16-42mg/dl, 0.6-1.2mg/dl, 2.4-6.8mg/dl) as compared to male (17.00-44.35mg/dl, 0.7-1.5mg/dl, 2.8-7.2mg/dl). There was a progressive increase in urea, uric acid and Creatinine with increase in age. Though no appreciable differences could be observed in respect to most of renal parameters in rural versus urban, a wider range for uric acid was observed in urban population (2.50-7.20mg/dl). Except for Na+, K+ and Cl-, rest of parameters i.e. urea, creatinine, uric acid were higher range in obese as compared to non obese (17-45 Vs 17-44, 0.66-1.5 Vs 0.60-1.40, 2.5-7.4 Vs 2.5-7.0). Uric acid level was also found to be higher in non vegetarian population (2.6-7.5mg/dl).Conclusion: Findings of this study provide sex, age, BMI, habitat and diet specific renal function reference values to be used for North Indian population.

scholarly journals SERUM GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE IN ALCOHOLICS, MODERATE DRINKERS AND ABSTAINERS: EFFECT ON GT REFERENCE INTERVALS AT POPULATION LEVEL

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHANNA HIETALA ◽  
KATRI PUUKKA ◽  
HEIDI KOIVISTO ◽  
PETRA ANTTILA ◽  
ONNI NIEMELÄ
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

scholarly journals Analytical validation of cardiac troponin I assays in horses

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya M. Rossi ◽  
Peter A. Kavsak ◽  
M. Grant Maxie ◽  
David L. Pearl ◽  
W. Glen Pyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Troponin ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Cardiac Troponin I ◽  
Analytical Validation ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Equine Medicine ◽  
American Society ◽  
Diagnostic Decision Making

Human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays have been used in equine medicine, often without prior analytical validation for equine use. In the absence of appropriate validation, the clinical significance of assay results is uncertain and can lead to misdiagnosis. We followed the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and investigated linearity, precision, limit of quantification (LoQ), and comparative recovery for 6 commercial cTnI assays developed for use in human medicine. Clinically acceptable linearity was observed in assays A–D, whereas assay E did not detect equine cTnI in any sample. Comparative recovery revealed 1–3-fold differences between assay results, and low analyte recoveries (2.2–3.4%) were observed in assay F. Precision was investigated in assays A and B, and found to be within acceptable limits. The LoQ was 1.53 ng/L for assay A, and 0.031 µg/L for assay B. Assays A and B performed within clinically acceptable limits and were deemed suitable for use in equine medicine. Assays C and D did not undergo full validation but had acceptable linearity, which demonstrates their potential for use in equine medicine. Assays E and F are unsuitable for use in horses given issues with detection of equine cTnI. The variability in results between assays indicates that reference intervals and cutoffs for diagnostic decision-making are assay specific and should be established prior to adoption by diagnostic laboratories.

scholarly journals Clinical-biochemical status of hens due to changes of battery cages height location

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
M. I. Sakhatsky ◽  
Yu. V. Osadcha
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Serum Enzymes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Biochemical Status ◽  
Battery Cages ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

In the conditions of industrial poultry farming, the body of hens is constantly exposed to numerous technological stressors, the least studied of which are long-term ones, that can provoke chronic stress. One such technological stressor is an increase in the level of cage equipment, which is used by producers to obtain a larger amount of products from 1 m2 of poultry area. The aim of this work was to study the physiological state of the hen’s body based on the clinical biochemical analysis of their blood serum, depending on the battery cages height. In the conditions of a modern complex for the production of edible eggs in a poultry house with an area of 2 915 m2, 4 groups of hens were formed, each of them was kept on a separate floor-analogue in terms of area and cage equipment. Each floor was equipped with «Big Dutchman» 3-tier battery cages. Battery cages of each floor were separated from each other by a lattice floor so that cages of 1–3 tiers entered up to the 1st floor, 4–6 tiers – up to the 2nd, 7–9 tiers – up to the 3rd, and 10–12 tiers – up to 4th floor of cage equipment. Biochemical parameters and activity of hens blood serum enzymes were determined on a BioChem FC-360 biochemical analyzer. For this, 30 blood samples with a volume of 1.0–1.5 ml were taken from axillary veins of laying hens in each group at the age of 18 weeks (at the beginning of the study) and at 52 weeks. It was found that increasing the layering of cage equipment does not have a negative impact on the hen’s body. So, for keeping hens in cages of multi-tier battery cages located on floors 2–4 (4–12 tiers), the biochemical status and activity of their blood serum enzymes were within the physiological norm. Whereas, for hens kept in battery cages of the a multi-tiered system on the 1st floor there was an increase in glucose levels of 60.5–71.0%, creatinine – by 9.7–12.3%, phosphorus – 82.6–100.0%, was observed a decrease in calcium to phosphorus ratio 46.7–50.0%, which was confirmed by an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase by 22.3–27.0%, as well as an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase by 3.2–13.8%, lactate dehydrogenase - by 48.5–65.1% and gamma-glutamyl transferase – by 16.4–20.6%. It has been proven that the main consequences of chronic stress caused by keeping hens in the lower floor cells of the multi-tiered battery cage are reflected in the biochemical parameters of their serum, namely increased glucose, creatinine, enzyme activity and violation of calcium to phosphorus ratio.

scholarly journals Haematological and biochemical parameters in Churra-da-Terra-Quente ewes from the northeast of Portugal

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.R. Dias ◽  
C.A. Viegas ◽  
A.M. Silva ◽  
H.F. Pereira ◽  
C.P. Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thrombin Time ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Indigenous Breed ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Hematological and biochemical parameters, including plasma electrolytes and thyroid hormones, were determined in 73 clinically healthy Churra-da-Terra-Quente ewes, a typical breed from the northeast of Portugal. The hemogram values were: erythrocytes 9.8±1.5×10(12)/L; haemoglobin 118.1±19.1g/L; haematocrit 40.8±5.9%; leukocytes 5.7±1.8×10(9)/L; and platelets 544.3±177.2×10(9)/L. The thrombin time was 17.3±1.7 seconds. The values of biochemical parameters were: total protein 76.4±6.1g/L; glucose 2.87±0.60mmol/L; total cholesterol 1.65±0.33mmol/L; aspartate aminotransferase 155.9±49.2U/L; alanine aminotransferase 23.2±9.6U/L; γ-glutamyl transferase 48.0±18.7U/L; total alkaline phosphatase 121.6±76.1U/L; glutamate dehydrogenase 6.4±3.7U/L; urea 7.32±2.22mmol/L; creatinine 123.0±54.1μmol/L; total calcium 2.53±0.25mmol/L; phosphorus 2.10±0.46mmol/L; magnesium 1.01±0.09mmol/L; sodium 152.04±3.65mmol/L; potassium 4.7±0.4mmol/L; ionized calcium 1.32±0.07mmol/L; total thyroxine 111.75±42.29nmol/L; total triiodothyronine 1.01±0.28nmol/L; free T4 11.93±1.78pmol/L; free T3 4.22±1.33pmol/L; and thyroid-stimulating hormone 0.18±0.19μIU/mL. Although differences among the Churra-da-Terra-Quente breed and other breeds may occur, the hematological and biochemical parameters, plasma electrolytes, and thyroid hormones, for this indigenous breed, were generally situated within the reference intervals previously reported for sheep.

scholarly journals Changes in biochemical parameters in horses during 40 km and 80 km endurance races

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Karla Klobučar ◽  
Zoran Vrbanac ◽  
Jelena Gotić ◽  
Krunoslav Bojanić ◽  
Tomislav Bureš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Abstract During intensive physical activity horses are exposed to thermolysis, electrolyte loss and rising amounts of catabolic products, which results in alterations of biochemical blood parameters due to the horse’s adaptation to metabolic stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intensive physical activity on serum biochemical parameters in horses competing in 40 and 80 km endurance races. Blood samples were taken from 28 horses before and after the race over four competitions, with a total of 53 samples analyzed. Biochemical parameters studied included creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The extent of change in pre- and post-race values was compared between categories of age, gender, breed, distance and average speed of horses. Creatine kinase and blood glucose values prior to the race were higher than the reference values. Values of renal parameters and parameters of muscle damage increased after the races, and the degree of change was more pronounced at longer racing lengths, as well as at lower average speed. Electrolyte loss was more prominent during longer races. This study demonstrated that endurance races cause evident changes in serum electrolyte concentrations, renal parameters and markers of muscle damage in horses. These changes are observable in horses at both short and long duration endurance races.

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