The Difficulties and Achievements of China’s Ecological Environment Construction: 1949–2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950014
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

China’s ecological environment construction has undergone three phases, i.e. the agriculture-based development phase with low productivity not long after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.), the industrial development phase after the adoption of reform and opening-up policy, and the phase toward ecological civilization, each of which has its own features, challenges, responsive measures and achievements. From the year 1949 to the adoption of reform and opening up policy, the Chinese society was characterized by farming culture on the whole, facing problems such as frequent natural disasters, shortage in food production and low urbanization level. To jump out of the Malthusian Trap, the founders of the P.R.C. led people to prevent floods by water control, water conservancy projects and reclamation of wasteland, which alleviated but did not solve the problems because China still suffered poverty and backwardness, and failed to shake off the Malthusian Curse. After the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, the rapid progress in industrialization and urbanization has liberated farmers from land and greatly improved labor productivity; meanwhile, some lands were released from farmers’ hand, which not only made the value of land resources much higher but also enabled land rehabilitation and ecological self-restoration. Although rapid industrialization and urbanization enormously boosted productive forces and accumulated immense amount of material wealth, but since the beginning of the 21st century, China’s development has been drawn near to the ecological red line, environmental threshold and resources upper limit of industrial development, constantly challenged by sustainable development. After 2010, China has initiated the transformation to ecological civilization, featuring ecological protection, pollution control and resource conservation, aiming to promote the harmonious development between man and nature.

scholarly journals Technology and Strategy of Low-carbon Building Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Li
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Key Industry ◽  
China’S Economy

After the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly. But in the process of economic development, the ecological environment has also paid a huge price. The destruction of the ecological environment directly affects survival and development of people. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen environmental governance. Everyone has also begun to focus on low-carbon development. The construction industry is a serious waste of building materials with large energy dissipation. Therefore it is also a key industry for low-carbon transformation. This article mainly analyzes low-carbon building design technology and studies specific development strategies.

From Ecological Imbalance to Ecological Civilization: The Process of China’s Green Transformation Over 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up and Its Outlook

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950007
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN
Keyword(s):  
Living Environment ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Agricultural Society ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

China’s reform and opening up is an all-round transformation and development. The harmonious coexistence of man and nature is the foundation and starting point of social and economic development, and the future direction of human society. Reform and opening up does not come from nowhere, and green development is a product and need of historical development. Before the reform and opening up, the conflict between man and nature caused ecological imbalance induced by the destruction of nature that aimed to meet basic food needs under the conditions of low productivity in a traditional agricultural society. The 40 years of reform and opening up have seen the initial completion of industrialization and urbanization in compressed time. During this process, the conflict between man and nature has evolved into expensive material consumption and ever-expanding desire for non-material enjoyments, leading to the pollution crisis endangering humans’ living environment and natural sustainability. On the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up policy, it is necessary to understand this evolution process. By summarizing the achievements and discerning the problems of green transformation, this paper analyzes the direct and internal impetus, explores the theoretical basis and shares the outlook on future development.

Three-fold Thinking on the Sinicization of Christianity

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Zhang Zhigang
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Christianity In China ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract This essay investigates the concept of »Sinicization of Christianity« from an »academic« standpoint, the goal being to discuss more objectively and rationally how Christianity may be able to meld into Chinese culture, the Chinese nation, and in particular, contemporary Chinese society. The investigation is presented in three parts: a comparison between the histories of Christianity in China and Korea, a study of the ecological situation of religions in contemporary China, and new developments in international research on interreligious dialogue. The article concludes that social practice should be the main criterion for testing religious faith, and that, based on China’s current conditions, the best course for the Sinicization of Christianity is to make positive and important contributions to continued reform and opening-up of Chinese society and to its development and progress.

scholarly journals The Empirical Analysis on Environmental Effects Caused by China Foreign Trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Zhao Difei ◽  
Zheng Weiteng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Academic Debate ◽  
China’S Economy

Since reform and opening up, as an important factor of economic growth, trade has promoted the development of China’s economy sharply, at the same time, it brought about the destruction of the ecological environment which is the focus of academic debate. There is still not any definite conclusion about the impact of trade on the environment. In this paper, by establishing a measurement model, we calculate the environmental effects of trade from scale, technology and structure three aspects, conclusion shows that the structure effect and technology effect of liberalization of trade will improve the level of China’s environment, but the scale effect of trade while promoting economic expansion will cause environmental damage

scholarly journals Basic Principles and Advancing the Popularization of Marxist Philosophy in Contemporary China

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Dan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Marxist Philosophy ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Domestic Reform ◽  
Opening Up

With the current domestic reform and opening-up, China has increased the construction and development of social economy whereas Marx’s philosophy has become a key research topic for social research scholars. This article focuses on the basic principles of the widespread practice of Marxism in the Chinese society and conducts a brief analysis on its journey of popularization.

scholarly journals CHINESE PEACEFUL RISE AND DEVELOPMENT. THE THEORY OF “CHINA’S THREAT”

2016 ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
AGHAVNI HARUTYUNYAN
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Peaceful Rise ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
China’S Economy

People’s Republic of China (PRC) has achieved phenomenal economic growth and unprecedented development “miracle” in human history. From the middle of the first decade of this century China has become a significant player in the global economy, it has flourished into a formidable economy, ranked the second largest in the world, and stands as the largest, the fastest growing and the most heavily engaged in international business and investment. The sustained and rapid growth of China’s economy, since the late 1970s, initiated by Deng Xiaoping (8 March 1978 - 17 June 1983), driven by reform and opening-up policy, became one of the most important milestones of the global economy during the past quarter century. The reform and opening up has enabled China to complete the historic transformation from a semi-closed society into a fully open one. Today, the openness of Chinese society and its integration with the outside world have reached unprecedented levels. The consequence of integration into the global economy, economic development has made China into a major force and advocate of globalization. China has become the strategic center of the “global factory” that produces the commodities consumed globally, above all in the centers of global capitalism.

China’s Sustainable Industrialization and Its Significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 1940003
Author(s):  
Chaoxian GUO ◽  
Yue HU
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
It Application ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

China’s reform and opening-up over the past 40 years is in nature of an industrialization process. China’s industrial development conforms to the development goals, principles and spirit of inclusive and sustainable industrialization established in the United Nations’ Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This paper reviewed the main achievements obtained during China’s industrial development since the reform and opening up, and set forth the methods the Chinese Government had used to promote sustainable industrialization from five aspects, i.e. taking measures to promote infrastructure construction, paying high attention to scientific and technological innovations, boosting the integration of IT application with industrialization, advancing industrial energy conservation and emission reduction and developing small and medium enterprises. At the end, this paper pointed out that China’s industrial development and sustainable industrialization are not only important to the country itself, but also to the world’s economic development and sustainable development.

LAW, RELIGION, AND SOCIETY IN CHINA: A CONTESTED TERRAIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Public Theology ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Opening Up

AbstractThe tumult of the twentieth century had a great impact on the role of religion in Chinese society. Antipathy toward religion reached its height in China during the Cultural Revolution, one of the few times in history when religion was almost completely wiped out in a single country. Religion in China has experienced a resurgence since the beginning of the Reform and Opening Up period in 1978. With the renewal of religious practice, new proposals have been put forward for the role of religious ideas in public life. In addition to the endurance of Marxist and liberal conceptions of the place of religion in society, new voices have emerged, arguing for return to Confucianism as the source of moral vitality in public life, or advancing Christian public theology as a moral resource for individuals adrift and alienated by the rapid changes of a modernizing economy. These realities have reshaped debates about the protection of religious freedom in China. This article introduces these new social and discursive realities and sets the stage for the articles that follow.

Traditional Chinese Culture and the Construction of Ecological Civilization: From Cultural Genes to Practical Behaviors — Case Studies in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism

2020 ◽  
pp. 2050011
Author(s):  
Wei JIANG ◽  
Haoran ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Traditional Chinese Culture ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Active Adaptation ◽  
Policy Guidance

Traditional Chinese culture contains the thought of respecting nature and protecting the ecological environment, thus it is of theoretical and practical significance for the construction of ecological civilization in China. This paper uses textual analysis on the works from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to explain the cultural genes related to the harmonious development of man and nature, in addition to examining possibilities for adapting the cultural genes in the practice of ecological civilization construction. It concludes that by means of policy guidance and active adaptation, traditional Chinese culture can effectively realize its potential for ecological protection and be integrated into China’s ecological civilization construction.

scholarly journals Forty years of reform and opening up: China’s progress toward a sustainable path

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaau9413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonglong Lu ◽  
Yueqing Zhang ◽  
Xianghui Cao ◽  
Chenchen Wang ◽  
Yichao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

After 40 years of reform and “opening up,” China has made remarkable economic progress. Such economic prosperity, however, has been coupled with environmental degradation. We analyze diverse long-term data to determine whether China is experiencing a decoupling of economic growth and environmental impacts, and where China stands with respect to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of reducing regional division, urban-rural gap, social inequality, and land-based impacts on oceans. The results highlight that China’s desire to achieve “ecological civilization” has resulted in a decoupling trend for major pollutants since 2015, while strong coupling remains with CO2 emissions. Progress has been made in health care provision, poverty reduction, and gender equity in education, while income disparity continues between regions and with rural-urban populations. There is a considerable way to go toward achieving delivery of the SDGs; however, China’s progress toward economic prosperity and concomitant sustainability provides important insights for other countries.

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