From Ecological Imbalance to Ecological Civilization: The Process of China’s Green Transformation Over 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up and Its Outlook

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950007
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN
Keyword(s):  
Living Environment ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Agricultural Society ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

China’s reform and opening up is an all-round transformation and development. The harmonious coexistence of man and nature is the foundation and starting point of social and economic development, and the future direction of human society. Reform and opening up does not come from nowhere, and green development is a product and need of historical development. Before the reform and opening up, the conflict between man and nature caused ecological imbalance induced by the destruction of nature that aimed to meet basic food needs under the conditions of low productivity in a traditional agricultural society. The 40 years of reform and opening up have seen the initial completion of industrialization and urbanization in compressed time. During this process, the conflict between man and nature has evolved into expensive material consumption and ever-expanding desire for non-material enjoyments, leading to the pollution crisis endangering humans’ living environment and natural sustainability. On the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up policy, it is necessary to understand this evolution process. By summarizing the achievements and discerning the problems of green transformation, this paper analyzes the direct and internal impetus, explores the theoretical basis and shares the outlook on future development.

The Difficulties and Achievements of China’s Ecological Environment Construction: 1949–2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950014
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

China’s ecological environment construction has undergone three phases, i.e. the agriculture-based development phase with low productivity not long after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.), the industrial development phase after the adoption of reform and opening-up policy, and the phase toward ecological civilization, each of which has its own features, challenges, responsive measures and achievements. From the year 1949 to the adoption of reform and opening up policy, the Chinese society was characterized by farming culture on the whole, facing problems such as frequent natural disasters, shortage in food production and low urbanization level. To jump out of the Malthusian Trap, the founders of the P.R.C. led people to prevent floods by water control, water conservancy projects and reclamation of wasteland, which alleviated but did not solve the problems because China still suffered poverty and backwardness, and failed to shake off the Malthusian Curse. After the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, the rapid progress in industrialization and urbanization has liberated farmers from land and greatly improved labor productivity; meanwhile, some lands were released from farmers’ hand, which not only made the value of land resources much higher but also enabled land rehabilitation and ecological self-restoration. Although rapid industrialization and urbanization enormously boosted productive forces and accumulated immense amount of material wealth, but since the beginning of the 21st century, China’s development has been drawn near to the ecological red line, environmental threshold and resources upper limit of industrial development, constantly challenged by sustainable development. After 2010, China has initiated the transformation to ecological civilization, featuring ecological protection, pollution control and resource conservation, aiming to promote the harmonious development between man and nature.

scholarly journals Research on the Problems and Countermeasures in Cultivation of College Students' Cultural Confidence in the New Era

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangjun Guo
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
New Era ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Foreign Exchanges ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Culture is a unique phenomenon in human society, which reflects the wisdom of human beings. It is not only the core of a country's cohesion, but also the spiritual driving force for a country to be prosperous and developed. Cultural confidence is an important theoretical content and component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and an essential source of strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Under the influence of foreign cultures, college students in the new era have problems such as loss of value and lack of confidence in terms of cultural confidence. Therefore, in the course of expanding foreign exchanges and carrying out reform and opening up, it has become an important mission that cannot be delayed for the ideological and political theory teaching in colleges and universities to strengthen the cultural confidence of college students and reinforce their cultural confidence education.

Based on the People because of the Intelligent Family Combination of Integral Ambry Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 928-932
Author(s):  
Jia Ning Zhang ◽  
Li Li Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Function ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Based on the present situation of the integral ambry market, with people because of the engineering research as the breakthrough point of the design, the existing defects and problems of integral ambry as a starting point, and designed a family combination design of integral ambry, it is not only able to ambry of hidden and receive, but also increase the more bells and whistles, make it better and more convenient by modern families use, improve the comfortableness after transformation and space utilization. Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of the national economy, people's living standards gradually improve, and now people's yearning for a better life further, this is also evident in the choice of daily cabinets and requirements. The in view of the existing integral ambry use problems existing in the process of research and analysis, according to the practical and functional design of the to redesign and function of extended by modern combination cabinet design, let children family and Peter's feelings increase in labor, but also let the child's ability to better exercise. At the same time in the home can be used to achieve a variety of purposes, to facilitate the purpose of the user.

scholarly journals Forty years of reform and opening up: China’s progress toward a sustainable path

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaau9413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonglong Lu ◽  
Yueqing Zhang ◽  
Xianghui Cao ◽  
Chenchen Wang ◽  
Yichao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

After 40 years of reform and “opening up,” China has made remarkable economic progress. Such economic prosperity, however, has been coupled with environmental degradation. We analyze diverse long-term data to determine whether China is experiencing a decoupling of economic growth and environmental impacts, and where China stands with respect to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of reducing regional division, urban-rural gap, social inequality, and land-based impacts on oceans. The results highlight that China’s desire to achieve “ecological civilization” has resulted in a decoupling trend for major pollutants since 2015, while strong coupling remains with CO2 emissions. Progress has been made in health care provision, poverty reduction, and gender equity in education, while income disparity continues between regions and with rural-urban populations. There is a considerable way to go toward achieving delivery of the SDGs; however, China’s progress toward economic prosperity and concomitant sustainability provides important insights for other countries.

scholarly journals Study on the dilemma and Countermeasures of rural environmental pollution control under the background of Rural Revitalization Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 01030
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Han
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Low Efficiency

Environmental pollution has been the focus of attention in recent years. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategy of rural revitalization, which pointed out that we should adhere to the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. Under the background of Rural Revitalization Strategy, we should improve the rural living environment and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of agriculture. We should establish and improve the rural environmental governance system, realize the construction of ecological civilization, and adhere to the implementation of green development and innovative development. Based on the background of Rural Revitalization Strategy, taking YZ town as an example, this paper analyzes the difficulties of rural environmental pollution control, such as weak awareness of environmental pollution control, low efficiency of environmental protection funds, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.

Rereading Klein’s “Some reflections on ‘The Oresteia’ ”—the evolution of the mother–daughter relationship in four generations of Chinese women

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Xu Jianqin
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Mother Daughter Relationship ◽  
Foot Binding ◽  
Mother Child Relationship ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

This article analyses the evolution of the mother–daughter relationship in China, and describes the mothering characteristics of four generations of women, which in sequence includes “foot-binding mothers”, “mothers after liberation”, “mothers after reform and opening up”, and “mothers who were only daughters”. Referring to Klein’s ideas about the mother–child relationship, especially those in her paper “Some reflections on ‘The Oresteia’ ”, the author tries to understand mothers and their impact on their daughters in these various periods of Chinese history, so as to explore the mutual influence of the mother–daughter relationship in particular, and the Chinese cultural and developmental context in general.

Criss-Cross: Identity and Transformation in Re-reading Billy Elliot

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-551
Author(s):  
Jacqui Miller
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Central Character ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Liberal Politics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Opening Up

Billy Elliot (2000) has been widely recognised as an important British film of the post-Thatcher period. It has been analysed using multiple disciplinary methodologies, but almost always from the theoretical frameworks of class and gender/sexuality. The film has sometimes been used not so much as a focus of analysis itself but as a conduit for exploring issues such as class deprivation or neo-liberal politics and economics. Such studies tend to use the film's perceived shortcomings as a starting point to critique society's wider failings to interrogate constructions of gender and sexuality. This article argues that an examination of the identity formation of some of the film's subsidiary characters shows how fluidity and transformation are key to the film's opening up of a jouissance which is enabled by but goes beyond its central character.

Engels on women, the family, class and gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 194277862110000
Author(s):  
Sheila Margaret McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Women's Oppression ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This article looks at Engels’s writings to show that his ideas about the role of labour in the evolution of human beings in a dialectical relationship between human beings and nature is a crucial starting point for understanding human society and is correct in its essentials. It is important for understanding that we developed as a species on the basis of social cooperation. The way human beings produce and reproduce themselves, the method of historical materialism, provides the basis for understanding how class and women’s oppression arose and how that can explain LGBTQ oppression. Although Engels’s analysis was once widely accepted by the socialist movement, it has mainly been ignored or opposed by academic researchers and others, including geographers, and more recently by Marxist feminists. However, anthropological research from the 1960s and 1970s as well as more recent anthropological and archaeological research provide overwhelming evidence for the validity of Engels’s argument that there were egalitarian, pre-class societies without women’s oppression. However, much remains to be explained about the transition to class societies. Engels’s analysis of the impact of industrial capitalism on gender roles shows how society shapes our behaviour. Engels’s method needs to be constantly reasserted against those who would argue that we are a competitive, aggressive species who require rules to suppress our true nature, and that social development is driven by ideas, not by changes in the way we produce and reproduce ourselves.

scholarly journals Patterns of Agricultural Diversification in China and Its Policy Implications for Agricultural Modernization

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4978
Author(s):  
Hongyun Han ◽  
Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Agricultural Modernization ◽  
Agricultural Diversification ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Chinese Agriculture ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Central South ◽  
Opening Up

Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the foregoing analysis reveals the dynamic character of agricultural diversification by which, this study seeks to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese agriculture through a quantitative study of agricultural diversification at both national and provincial levels. In the initial stages of reform and opening up, the degree of agricultural diversification in the southwest was relatively high; then the center of agricultural diversification gradually moved to the southeast of China; finally, the degree of agricultural diversification in the economically developed eastern provinces was obviously higher than those in other regions in 2019. It was seen that some provinces in the eastern and central south regions moved toward increasing diversification in one direction, and other provinces changed direction, first moving toward diversification and later toward concentration or vice versa. These oscillations implied that there was a cyclic tendency of agricultural diversification along with an increase in per capita GDP. Generally speaking, the patterns of diversification differed across regions due to diversified agricultural subsectors resulting from different natural and socio-economic circumstances. In particular, in less developed regions with lower agricultural diversification levels, farming agriculture persistently dominated the leading position with relatively more resistance to modernizing trends in other aspects of agriculture. It is urgent for the Chinese government to figure out ways off reconciling agricultural productivity with environmental quality through the ecological intensification of agriculture.

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