Driving Forces of Water Intensity in China’s Industrial Sector: A Global Meta-Frontier Production–Theoretical Decomposition Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150010
Author(s):  
Tao Ding ◽  
Jiangyuan Li ◽  
Xing Shi ◽  
Huaqing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
National Level ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Water Intensity

The shortage of water resources has prohibited the sustainable growth of China. Identifying the driving forces of water intensity is critical to initiating cost-effective policies and regulations to reduce water consumption across China. We develop a global meta-frontier production decomposition approach, which could simultaneously address the spatial and temporal heterogeneities, to decompose the water intensity of the industrial sector in China at various levels from 2011 to 2015. Results show that the industrial water intensity in all provinces except Shanxi has been declining over the sample period, with little potential for a further reduction. Second, at the national level, the potential water usage factor and the temporal catch-up effect of water usage technology are two significant contributors in reducing the industrial water intensity. Third, we find that some factors have mixed results at the regional and provincial levels, calling for customized policies in these aspects. Our approach provides a more precise decomposition and reveals more details in China’s variations of industrial water intensity, which has manifold implications for regional water management.

scholarly journals Determinants of Energy-Based CO2 Emissions in Ethiopia: A Decomposition Analysis from 1990 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Nkam Taka ◽  
Ta Thi Huong ◽  
Izhar Hussain Shah ◽  
Hung-Suck Park
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Decomposition Approach

Ethiopia, among the fastest growing economies worldwide, is witnessing rapid urbanization and industrialization that is fueled by greater energy consumption and high levels of CO2 emissions. Currently, Ethiopia is the third largest CO2 emitter in East Africa, yet no comprehensive study has characterized the major drivers of economy-wide CO2 emissions. This paper examines the energy-related CO2 emissions in Ethiopia, and their driving forces between 1990 and 2017 using Kaya identity combined with Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition approach. Main findings reveal that energy-based CO2 emissions have been strongly driven by the economic effect (52%), population effect (43%), and fossil fuel mix effect (40%) while the role of emission intensity effect (14%) was less pronounced during the study period. At the same time, energy intensity improvements have slowed down the growth of CO2 emissions by 49% indicating significant progress towards reduced energy per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) during 1990-2017. Nonetheless, for Ethiopia to achieve its 2030 targets of low-carbon economy, further improvements through reduced emission intensity (in the industrial sector) and fossil fuel share (in the national energy mix) are recommended. Energy intensity could be further improved by technological innovation and promotion of energy-frugal industries.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cost-Effective Methods to Reduce Industrial Wastewater Emissions in China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Sheng ◽  
Yaowu Dong ◽  
Marek Vochozka
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Shadow Price ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Shadow Prices ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Reduce Emissions

To reduce industrial wastewater emissions, likely scenarios involve saving water in the production process or treating the emissions that are discharged. In this regard, our paper aims to evaluate the costs of these two paths and then analyze whether the industrial sector has made a good trade-off. In particular, we measured costs of the two paths by shadow prices of water use and wastewater emissions, and then we built a non-parametric input–output model to produce the estimates. For 2015, the shadow price of water use was 37.85 RMB/ton at the national level, which indicated the marginal cost of saving each ton of water was 37.864 RMB and that of wastewater emissions was 141.759 RMB/ton, which meant that the marginal cost of abating each ton of wastewater emissions was 141.759 RMB. Over the period 2004–2015, both shadow prices exhibited an upward trend at the national and regional levels, which suggested there was an increased cost to reduce emissions. However, the two shadow prices did not follow a common trend, but deviated from each other in most of China’s provinces, which resulted in a bad trade-off between the two scenarios. As a result, the bad trade-off not only lowered the efficiency to reduce emissions, but it was also linked to a high cost.

Modernisation of Higher Education – Willful Action or Wishful Thinking? The Case of Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Elena Blagoeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The impact of the last global economic crisis (2008) on the European economy put a strain on higher education (HE), yet it also pushed the sector towards intensive reforms and improvements. This paper focuses on the “Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in the Republic of Bulgaria 2014-2020”. With a case study methodology, we explore the strategic endeavours of the Bulgarian government to comply with the European directions and to secure sustainable growth for the HE sector. Our research question is ‘How capable is the Bulgarian HE Strategy to overcome the economic and systemic restraints of Bulgarian higher education?’. Because the development of strategies for HE within the EU is highly contextual, a single qualitative case study was chosen as the research approach. HE institutions are not ivory towers, but subjects to a variety of external and internal forces. Within the EU, this is obviated by the fact that Universities obtain their funds from institutions such as governments, students and their families, donors, as well as EU-level programmes. Therefore, to explore how these pressures interact to affect strategic action on national level, the case method is well suited as it enabled us to study the phenomena thoroughly and deeply. The paper suggests the actions proposed within the Strategy have the potential to overcome the delay, the regional isolation and the negative impact of the economic crisis on the country. Nevertheless, the key elements on which the success or failure of this Strategy hinges are the control mechanisms and the approach to implementation. Shortcomings in these two aspects of strategic actions in HE seem to mark the difference between gaining long-term benefits and merely saving face in front of international institutions.

scholarly journals A Decomposition Analysis of the Korean Manufacturing Sector: Monetary vs. Physical Outputs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6192
Author(s):  
Junghwan Lee ◽  
Jinsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Activity Effect ◽  
Index Decomposition ◽  
Output Indicator

This study analyzes the changes in energy consumption of the Korean manufacturing sector using the index decomposition analysis (IDA) method. To capture the production effect based on actual physical activities, we applied the activity revaluation (AR) approach in the analysis. We also developed energy consumption data in terms of primary energy supply to consider conversion loss in the energy sector to avoid any distortions in the intensity effect. The analysis covers every manufacturing subsector in Korea over the period between 2006 and 2018. Combining two distinctive approaches from the previous literature, the AR approach and primary energy-based analysis gives us helpful findings for a climate policy. First, the overall activity effect estimated from the physical output indicator is lower than that from the monetary output indicator. The monetary indicator shows that the share of energy-intensive industries decreases, whereas the physical indicator shows the opposite. Second, in terms of energy efficiency, the intensity effect is estimated as an increasing factor of energy use, whereas inversed results are shown when we use the monetary indicator. Lastly, unlike the previous studies, the AR approach results indicate that Korean manufacturing sectors have been shifting toward an energy-intensive, so it is hard to anticipate positive intensity effects, which means decreasing energy consumption factor, for a while. These results support why analyzing the driving forces of energy consumption through the AR approach and primary energy base is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Novel combination of CRISPR-based gene drives eliminates resistance and localises spread

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky R. Faber ◽  
Gus R. McFarlane ◽  
R. Chris Gaynor ◽  
Ivan Pocrnic ◽  
C. Bruce A. Whitelaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sciurus Carolinensis ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Grey Squirrel ◽  
Gene Drives

AbstractInvasive species are among the major driving forces behind biodiversity loss. Gene drive technology may offer a humane, efficient and cost-effective method of control. For safe and effective deployment it is vital that a gene drive is both self-limiting and can overcome evolutionary resistance. We present HD-ClvR in this modelling study, a novel combination of CRISPR-based gene drives that eliminates resistance and localises spread. As a case study, we model HD-ClvR in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), which is an invasive pest in the UK and responsible for both biodiversity and economic losses. HD-ClvR combats resistance allele formation by combining a homing gene drive with a cleave-and-rescue gene drive. The inclusion of a self-limiting daisyfield gene drive allows for controllable localisation based on animal supplementation. We use both randomly mating and spatial models to simulate this strategy. Our findings show that HD-ClvR could effectively control a targeted grey squirrel population, with little risk to other populations. HD-ClvR offers an efficient, self-limiting and controllable gene drive for managing invasive pests.

scholarly journals Towards a Korean Sustainable Business Model at National Level: The Influence of Cultural and Political Perceptions of National Image on Consumers’ Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6698
Author(s):  
Seongwon Yoon ◽  
Sungsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
National Level ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
African Students ◽  
National Image ◽  
Political Perceptions

Despite the increasing uptake of the term sustainable business model (SBM), the concept has mainly focused on business strategies. However, integrating the SBM into a longer-term and macroscopic framework would make it more sustainable. This article explored the SBM as a national strategy that operates beyond a corporate level. In this respect, the study examined the ways in which cultural and political perceptions of a nation can influence consumers’ choices. This article particularly examined the explanatory power of two ideational driving forces: perceptions of cultural heritage, and perceptions of politics and foreign relations. By assessing a dataset of the views of 223 African students studying in Korea, this study confirmed that national image meaningfully affects consumer behavior (intention to recommend). Furthermore, the study provided new evidence that cultural and political perceptions of a nation have a significantly positive effect on national image. It was also found that national image played a role as a mediating variable relating to cultural/political perceptions and intention to recommend. By extending the concept of the SBM to a national level, this article lays the foundation for a win–win situation between decision makers in both business and political sectors.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110299
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
The Government

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

Spatiotemporal Differences in Relative Efficiency of Regional Industrial Water Utilization in Xinjiang

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3559-3563
Author(s):  
Wen Hui Lv ◽  
Zhi Gang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Utilization ◽  
Productive Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Regional Product

DEA was used to estimate the relative efficiency of industrial water in Xinjiang. Using data from 2005 to 2010 for fifteen prefectures in Xinjiang, this research selected productive water usage, employed persons, land area and fixed asset investment as the inputs, and chose gross regional product as the output. The scale redundancy ratio and technical redundancy ratio were also calculated. On the basis, the water utilization relative efficiency was calculated for every prefecture and the spatial-temporal variation of regional industrial water distribution were discussed. The spatial analyses show that the relative efficiency of industrial water utilization is distinctly different among the fifteen prefectures. Agriculture-oriented areas have relatively low water use efficiency, mainly due to the large proportion of agricultural water and seriously wasted water. Every prefecture should adjust the industrial structure and strengthen the agricultural water's conservation according to local condition.

Regional Industrial Development under Liberal Economic Regime in Punjab

2021 ◽  
pp. 339-349
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
Economic Regime

The objective of this study was two-fold, firstly, it analysed industrial development trends and deceleration across major Indian states since 1980-81 and, investigated industrial development in Punjab, a mineral resources deprived and a land-locked state. It was important as the policy changed at the national level in 1991 and removed various benefits for industrial development in mineralresources deprived regions and economically backward regions. To analyse the objective, both primary as well as secondary information was used. Findings of the study highlighted that industrial restructuring took place across major states in India during 1980-81 to 2017-18. In general, economically poor states and mineral resources deprived states witnessed the deceleration of the industrial sector. The position of the industrial sector in Punjab declined as compared to other states and compared to its past. The discussions with various stakeholders, including sampled industrial units, representatives of industrial associations, etc., highlighted various economic and non-economic factors behind the ongoing industrial deceleration in Punjab.

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