FLIP

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Pontus Andersson ◽  
Jim Nilsson ◽  
Tomas Akenine-Möller ◽  
Magnus Oskarsson ◽  
Kalle Åström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Photorealistic Images ◽  
Image Pairs ◽  
Image Quality Measures ◽  
Image Difference

Image quality measures are becoming increasingly important in the field of computer graphics. For example, there is currently a major focus on generating photorealistic images in real time by combining path tracing with denoising, for which such quality assessment is integral. We present FLIP, which is a difference evaluator with a particular focus on the differences between rendered images and corresponding ground truths. Our algorithm produces a map that approximates the difference perceived by humans when alternating between two images. FLIP is a combination of modified existing building blocks, and the net result is surprisingly powerful. We have compared our work against a wide range of existing image difference algorithms and we have visually inspected over a thousand image pairs that were either retrieved from image databases or generated in-house. We also present results of a user study which indicate that our method performs substantially better, on average, than the other algorithms. To facilitate the use of FLIP, we provide source code in C++, MATLAB, NumPy/SciPy, and PyTorch.

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Holyfield ◽  
Sydney Brooks ◽  
Allison Schluterman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

Factors Affecting Molecular Self-Assembly and Its Mechanism

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hueyling Tan
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Polymer Science ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Wide Range

Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature and has emerged as a new approach to produce new materials in chemistry, engineering, nanotechnology, polymer science and materials. Molecular self-assembly has been attracting increasing interest from the scientific community in recent years due to its importance in understanding biology and a variety of diseases at the molecular level. In the last few years, considerable advances have been made in the use ofpeptides as building blocks to produce biological materials for wide range of applications, including fabricating novel supra-molecular structures and scaffolding for tissue repair. The study ofbiological self-assembly systems represents a significant advancement in molecular engineering and is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field that crosses the boundaries ofexisting disciplines. Many self-assembling systems are rangefrom bi- andtri-block copolymers to DNA structures as well as simple and complex proteins andpeptides. The ultimate goal is to harness molecular self-assembly such that design andcontrol ofbottom-up processes is achieved thereby enabling exploitation of structures developed at the meso- and macro-scopic scale for the purposes oflife and non-life science applications. Such aspirations can be achievedthrough understanding thefundamental principles behind the selforganisation and self-synthesis processes exhibited by biological systems.

Stereospecific, Palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)–H Alkenylation and Alkynylation of a Proline Derivative Enabled by 8-Aminoquinoline as a Directing Group

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Balliu ◽  
Aaltje Roelofje Femmigje Strijker ◽  
Michael Oschmann ◽  
Monireh Pourghasemi Lati ◽  
Oscar Verho
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Palladium Catalyzed ◽  
Directing Group ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Vinyl Iodides ◽  
Initial Results

<p>In this preprint, we present our initial results concerning a stereospecific Pd-catalyzed protocol for the C3 alkenylation and alkynylation of a proline derivative carrying the well utilized 8‑aminoquinoline directing group. Efficient C–H alkenylation was achieved with a wide range of vinyl iodides bearing different aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic substituents, to furnish the corresponding C3 alkenylated products in good to high yields. In addition, we were able show that this protocol can also be used to install an alkynyl group into the pyrrolidine scaffold, when a TIPS-protected alkynyl bromide was used as the reaction partner. Furthermore, two different methods for the removal of the 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary are reported, which can enable access to both <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans</i>-configured carboxylic acid building blocks from the C–H alkenylation products.</p>

Efficient Prediction of Structural and Electronic Properties of Hybrid 2D Materials Using DFT and Machine Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif Tawfik ◽  
Olexandr Isayev ◽  
Catherine Stampfl ◽  
Joseph Shapter ◽  
David Winkler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Band Gap ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
2D Materials ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Interlayer Distance ◽  
Computational Screening ◽  
Wide Range

Materials constructed from different van der Waals two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures offer a wide range of benefits, but these systems have been little studied because of their experimental and computational complextiy, and because of the very large number of possible combinations of 2D building blocks. The simulation of the interface between two different 2D materials is computationally challenging due to the lattice mismatch problem, which sometimes necessitates the creation of very large simulation cells for performing density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Here we use a combination of DFT, linear regression and machine learning techniques in order to rapidly determine the interlayer distance between two different 2D heterostructures that are stacked in a bilayer heterostructure, as well as the band gap of the bilayer. Our work provides an excellent proof of concept by quickly and accurately predicting a structural property (the interlayer distance) and an electronic property (the band gap) for a large number of hybrid 2D materials. This work paves the way for rapid computational screening of the vast parameter space of van der Waals heterostructures to identify new hybrid materials with useful and interesting properties.

Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photo-induced Force Microscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Wang ◽  
Devon Jakob ◽  
Haomin Wang ◽  
Alexis Apostolos ◽  
Marcos M. Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Heterodyne Detection ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Afm Cantilever

<div>Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photo induced force from light-matter interaction. So far, photo induced force microscopy has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of photoinduced force microscopy by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for photo induced force microscopy deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ~10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and related tapping mode AFM-IR, and provide possibilities for additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.</div>

Application of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organocatalysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minita Ojha ◽  
R. K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Catalysis ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Heterocyclic Carbenes ◽  
Stetter Reaction ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Benzoin Condensation ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocyclic

Background: During the last two decades, horizon of research in the field of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHC) has widened remarkably. NHCs have emerged as ubiquitous species having applications in a broad range of fields, including organocatalysis and organometallic chemistry. The NHC-induced non-asymmetric catalysis has turned out to be a really fruitful area of research in recent years. Methods: By manipulating structural features and selecting appropriate substituent groups, it has been possible to control the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of a wide range of NHCs, which can be tolerant to a variety of functional groups and can be used under mild conditions. NHCs are produced by different methods, such as deprotonation of Nalkylhetrocyclic salt, transmetallation, decarboxylation and electrochemical reduction. Results: The NHCs have been used successfully as catalysts for a wide range of reactions making a large number of building blocks and other useful compounds accessible. Some of these reactions are: benzoin condensation, Stetter reaction, Michael reaction, esterification, activation of esters, activation of isocyanides, polymerization, different cycloaddition reactions, isomerization, etc. The present review includes all these examples published during the last 10 years, i.e. from 2010 till date. Conclusion: The NHCs have emerged as versatile and powerful organocatalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. They provide the synthetic strategy which does not burden the environment with metal pollutants and thus fit in the Green Chemistry.

The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation Damages; the Indifference Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.

scholarly journals MXenes for future nanophotonic device applications

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1831-1853
Author(s):  
Jaeho Jeon ◽  
Yajie Yang ◽  
Haeju Choi ◽  
Jin-Hong Park ◽  
Byoung Hun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Optoelectronic Device ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Saturable Absorption ◽  
Nanophotonic Device ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Device Applications

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, collectively referred to as MXenes, are considered as the new family of 2D materials for the development of functional building blocks for optoelectronic and photonic device applications. Their advantages are based on their unique and tunable electronic and optical properties, which depend on the modulation of transition metal elements or surface functional groups. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review of MXenes to suggest an insightful perspective on future nanophotonic and optoelectronic device applications based on advanced synthesis processes and theoretically predicted or experimentally verified material properties. Recently developed optoelectronic and photonic devices, such as photodetectors, solar cells, fiber lasers, and light-emitting diodes are summarized in this review. Wide-spectrum photodetection with high photoresponsivity, high-yield solar cells, and effective saturable absorption were achieved by exploiting different MXenes. Further, the great potential of MXenes as an electrode material is predicted with a controllable work function in a wide range (1.6–8 eV) and high conductivity (~104 S/cm), and their potential as active channel material by generating a tunable energy bandgap is likewise shown. MXene can provide new functional building blocks for future generation nanophotonic device applications.

Synthesis of sp3-Enriched β-Fluoro Sulfonyl Chlorides

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr O. Grygorenko ◽  
Rustam Gurbanov ◽  
Andriy Sokolov ◽  
Sergey Golovach ◽  
Kostiantyn Melnykov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Sulfonyl Chlorides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cyclic Compounds

AbstractA three-step approach to the synthesis of sp3-enriched β-fluoro sulfonyl chlorides starting from alkenes is reported. The method was successfully applied to a wide range of acyclic and cyclic substrates, bearing either an exocyclic or an endocyclic double bond. The procedure worked with a wide range of substrates and tolerated a number of functional and protecting groups. Moreover, the target cyclic compounds were obtained as single cis diastereomers on a multigram scale. The title compounds are promising building blocks for drug discovery that can be used to obtain sp3-enriched β-fluoro and α,β-unsaturated sulfonamides.

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