How Far Have We Progressed in Identifying Self-admitted Technical Debts? A Comprehensive Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-56
Author(s):  
Zhaoqiang Guo ◽  
Shiran Liu ◽  
Jinping Liu ◽  
Yanhui Li ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Technical Debt ◽  
The Real ◽  
Unsupervised Approach ◽  
Real Progress ◽  
The Cost

Background. Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) is a special kind of technical debt that is intentionally introduced and remarked by code comments. Those technical debts reduce the quality of software and increase the cost of subsequent software maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to find out and resolve these debts in time. Recently, many automatic approaches have been proposed to identify SATD. Problem. Popular IDEs support a number of predefined task annotation tags for indicating SATD in comments, which have been used in many projects. However, such clear prior knowledge is neglected by existing SATD identification approaches when identifying SATD. Objective. We aim to investigate how far we have really progressed in the field of SATD identification by comparing existing approaches with a simple approach that leverages the predefined task tags to identify SATD. Method. We first propose a simple heuristic approach that fuzzily Matches task Annotation Tags ( MAT ) in comments to identify SATD. In nature, MAT is an unsupervised approach, which does not need any data to train a prediction model and has a good understandability. Then, we examine the real progress in SATD identification by comparing MAT against existing approaches. Result. The experimental results reveal that: (1) MAT has a similar or even superior performance for SATD identification compared with existing approaches, regardless of whether non-effort-aware or effort-aware evaluation indicators are considered; (2) the SATDs (or non-SATDs) correctly identified by existing approaches are highly overlapped with those identified by MAT ; and (3) supervised approaches misclassify many SATDs marked with task tags as non-SATDs, which can be easily corrected by their combinations with MAT . Conclusion. It appears that the problem of SATD identification has been (unintentionally) complicated by our community, i.e., the real progress in SATD comments identification is not being achieved as it might have been envisaged. We hence suggest that, when many task tags are used in the comments of a target project, future SATD identification studies should use MAT as an easy-to-implement baseline to demonstrate the usefulness of any newly proposed approach.

scholarly journals Radio Planning Considerations in TETRA to LTE Migration for PPDR Systems: A Radioelectric Coverage Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego del Rey Carrión ◽  
Leandro Juan-Llácer ◽  
José-Víctor Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Radio Communications ◽  
The Real ◽  
Lte Network ◽  
Real Scenario ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Radio Planning

Transitioning a Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) network to a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network in public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) systems is a path to providing future services requiring high radio interface throughput and allowing broadband PPDR (BB-PPDR) radio communications. Users of TETRA networks are currently considering how to deploy a BB-PPDR network in the coming years. This study offers several radio planning considerations in TETRA to LTE migration for such networks. The conclusions are obtained from a case study in which both measurements and radioelectric coverage simulations were carried out for the real scenario of the Murcia Region, Spain, for both TETRA and LTE systems. The proposed considerations can help PPDR agencies efficiently estimate the cost of converting a TETRA network to an LTE network. Uniquely in this study, the total area is divided into geographical areas of interest that are defined as administrative divisions (region, municipal areas, etc.). The analysis was carried out using a radio planning tool based on a geographic information system and the measurements have been used to tune the propagation models. According to the real scenario considered, the number of sites needed in the LTE network—for a specific quality of service (90% for the whole region and 85% for municipal areas)—is a factor of 2.4 higher than for TETRA network.

Quality-Driven Software Development for Maintenance

2014 ◽  
pp. 1608-1638
Author(s):  
Iwona Dubielewicz ◽  
Bogumila Hnatkowska ◽  
Zbigniew Huzar ◽  
Lech Tuzinkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Software Development Process ◽  
Development Paradigm ◽  
Further Development

Software maintenance is sometimes considered as a special kind of activity that is separated from a software development process. Meanwhile, the opposite is true; maintenance should be taken into account from the beginning of the software development process. Because a model-based software development is the prevailing software development paradigm, the maintainability should be considered within models that arise in software development process. We claim that the quality of the models arising in the software development process has a positive influence on their maintainability: the higher quality of the models, the more effective maintainability activity. The background for our consideration is MDA approach, and the scope of the consideration is limited to perfective maintenance only. The set of so called 6C quality characteristics is assumed to define a quality of MDA-models. Our selection of 6C quality characteristics is justified by the fact that they are related to activities performed on models within the maintenance. To assess MDA-models in the context of the maintainability, we define checklists for the 6C characteristics. These checklists are used for derivation of some measures which are useful in checking to what scope a given characteristics is satisfied. The main advantage of the approach is its independence of the knowledge of future changes of user requirements that trigger perfective maintenance. In the chapter, we demonstrate a simple example of how to assess the quality of PIM-models that are the realization of the CIM-model. Additionally, we discuss how to select, for further development, the best PIM-model from the set of possible solution.

A Comparative Study of Bayesian and Fuzzy Inference Approach to Assess Quality of the Software Using Activity-Based Quality Model

2013 ◽  
pp. 96-111
Author(s):  
Kawal Jeet ◽  
Nitin Bhatia ◽  
Renu Dhir
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Actual Evaluation ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
The Cost

Maintainability is one of the important characteristics of quality of software. It is the measure of efforts needed to modify the software. Large number of subjective techniques has been developed in industry to deal with assessment or prediction of this characteristic. But these techniques generally fail due to their inability to break down maintainability to a level of actual evaluation. They also lack homogeneity in the models thus developed and so fail to take into account the cost factor associated with maintainability. Activity based quality model is found to decompose maintainability to an actual analyzable level. It manages maintainability in terms of software maintenance efforts but it lacks quantitative evaluation of this characteristic. Bayesian approach to deal with this model added quantitative feature but also added crispness to the system developed. In this chapter, the authors propose the use of fuzzy approach to correct the existing Bayesian approach to deal with activity based quality model. A comprehensive comparative study is presented to show the effectiveness of proposed technique.

scholarly journals The relationship between quality and efficiency in business management

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Run Xu
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
The Real ◽  
Continuous Contact ◽  
Purchase Order ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Machinery Design

Quality and efficiency are the two most important factors for the survival of an enterprise.Quality is essential, then efficiency.Only the quality in the first place, to ensure the efficiency of the implementation.You can imagine when the first step didn't happen.So in the enterprise management should always put the quality in mind, always inspire the concept of quality.Don't put efficiency in your mouth every day, because it is too snobbish and haste makes waste.So recruit some of the level of people to serve for the enterprise, and reuse it, in order to constantly achieve new things, so that the quality gradually up.And continuous contact with workers, to understand the real content of the product and equipment, so that the quality of the product quality.In addition, the requirements of customers should be discussed quickly and communicated with the production department, so that the product quality can be improved and the cost can be reduced to seek higher prices. The purchase order decides technology which decides quality and efficiency as well. The latter determines goods quality and quantity through equipment by staffs who is capable of the equipment such as machinery design. Another is mould which could be designed too through fit size and material. 

The Body Structural Optimization Based on Safe Side Impact

2014 ◽  
Vol 541-542 ◽  
pp. 514-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Yao Zhao ◽  
Yi Feng Zhao ◽  
Li Yang Xie ◽  
Xue Jiao Li
Keyword(s):  
Structural Optimization ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
The Real ◽  
Safe Side ◽  
Body In White ◽  
The Cost

In view of analyzing the whole side crashworthiness, based on C-NCAP side impact regulations, this study has analyzed the structural characteristics influencing the side impact of car, and proposed the corresponding structural optimization case. According to FEM, the body optimization case has been simulated and contrasted with the real results. As a result, a good side crashworthiness of the car has been obtained, which helps reduce the cost and the quality of the car. Besides, the study has also done simulation work of the rigidity and modal of the body-in-white and compared it with the real results, which has further tested the correctness of optimization model and helped achieve effective approaches to the design of the car side crashworthiness.

scholarly journals Software quality improvement and validation using reengineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaswinder Singh ◽  
◽  
Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa ◽  
Jaiteg Singh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Software Reengineering ◽  
Design Metrics ◽  
Software Maintainability ◽  
Critical Phases ◽  
The Cost

In software development life cycle, software maintenance is among the critical phases. It is a post-implementation activity that requires rigorous human efforts. For any software developer, maintaining software for a longer period is the primary objective. This objective can be accomplished if good quality software is developed. Maintainability is one of the vital characteristics of software maintenance. Maintainability enables developers to keep the system alive for a longer period of time at a limited cost. Software Maintainability can be enhanced using reengineering. The proposed research validates improvement in the quality of the reengineered software system. The quality of the software is analyzed using a coupling, cohesion, inheritance, and other essential design metrics. The observed improvement in the software design is 62.1%. The execution time of the software is also reduced by 6.5%. Reduction in the cost of maintenance is also another important outcome of this research. The observed reduction in the maintenance cost is 36.8%. Thus, the main objective of the proposed research is to analyze and validate the quality improvement in the reengineered software. Agile Scrum methodology has been used to perform software reengineering. Design Metrics are measured using the Chidamber and Kemerer Java metric (CKJM) version-9.0 tool. For reengineering implementation, Net Beans 7.3 has been used.

Design the Piston of Internal Combustion Engine by Solidworks

2013 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shu Guo Zhao ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Zhi Xian Gao
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Digital Simulation ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Simulation Technology ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, digital simulation technology has been developing rapidly. Virtual piston is established by Solidworks easily. As is well-known that virtual piston can simulate the product all kinds of chatacter in the real environment. The results of simulation will be used to optimize piston design, in order to shorten the cycle, reduce the cost and improve the quality of products.

Concept Of Increasing The Level Of Projects Of Work Production

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Keyword(s):  
Practical Experience ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
The Real ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
General Contractor ◽  
Work Production ◽  
Construction Organization ◽  
Production Plans

The author analyzes the reasons that objectively reduce the importance and quality of the organizational and technological solutions of work production plans and the content of their main documents. Based on a generalization of practical experience, one of the real ways of increasing the level of work production plans is proposed as a result of the development of "The Unified Rules for Work Production on the Site" as part of the construction organization project, in the form of fundamental requirements, followed by the inclusion of this document in the work production plan as an input document. The structure and content of the Unified Rules are described with the disclosure of the main documents - calendar plans of work, construction master plans, technological schemes of works. The first section of the document contains requirements for the content of tasks for the development of the project of work execution, the order of its approval, and requirements for the quality of solutions. The second section presents principal solutions, methods of work execution and their technological schemes. The organizational and technological solutions adopted in the proposed document are specified and detailed by the General Contractor Construction Organization with due regard for the resource capabilities and the actual conditions of construction or reconstruction.

PEMBENAHAN TERHADAP LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN DAPAT MENIADAKAN OPSI HUKUMAN MATI BAGI NARAPIDANA DI INDONESIA (THE IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF PENITENTIARY CAN ELIMINATE THE DEATH PENALTY OPTIONS OF CONVICTED CRIMINALS IN INDONESIA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Nomensen Freddy Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Public ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time

After a long time was not heard to the public area, lately death penalty toward the criminal cases that classified as extraordinary crime are appear. The author discovers electronic article about the execution of the death penalty which is the prosecutor prepares to execute death penalty toward the drugs dealer. The president of Republic of Indonesia stated that it is necessary to give a deterrent effect to the convicted  criminal and keep the morality of Indonesian teenagers. According to my opinion, the author argues that it will be better and wiser if we discuss about renovating all of the Penitentiary in Indonesia than debating whether death penalty could be done in Indonesia or not, because it will be displeasure many parties, death penalty infringed the human rights of the convicted criminals and cause psychological burden to them, families, the executor of the death penalty, and other parties. Because if we have to improve the quality of the Penitentiary, if the function of Penitentiary for fostering moralily has been optimal or properly enough to the convicted criminals, Indonesia will be no longer need the death penalty option as sanction to the convicted crimanals including for the extraordinary crime (especially for drugs trafficking in our country). Penitentiary is one of the public services which aims for fostering the people that initially have bad habits (commited to the crime), so that they will have the awareness to change their bad attitude into the be better ones, will not harm others, and positively contributed to the society. Already Penitentiary’s conditions should be designed in such a way and as good as possible, so that the inmates feels like at their own home (like having a second home after his own home), and feel humaner to spend their days in the Penitentiary. The author believes that if the Penitentiary has been improved and optimized its function well, then the real purpose of Penitentiary will definitely achieved. As stated in Law Number 12 Year 1995 regarding to Penitentiary Article 2 which states "sanction system are organized in order to fostering the convicted criminals in order to be the real man, aware of their fault, improve themselves, and not to repeat the criminal act so that they can be friendly received by the community, can actively participated in the development of our country, and can socialize themselves as good citizen."Article 3 on this regulation also intensifies the function of Penitentiary "the function of Penitentiary is to prepare convicted criminals to be able to properly integrated to the society, so they can be accepted again as members of the public who are free and responsible ones." 

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