Materials Properties, Oral Processing, and Sensory Analysis of Eating Meat and Meat Analogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovan Ilić ◽  
Ilija Djekic ◽  
Igor Tomasevic ◽  
Filip Oosterlinck ◽  
Marco A. van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Oral Processing ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Made In

To increase the appeal of plant protein–based meat analogs, further progress needs to be made in their sensory perception. Given the limited number of studies on meat analogs, this review focuses on structure, oral processing, and sensory perception of meat and subsequently translates the insights to meat analogs. An extensive number of publications has built the current understanding of meat mechanical and structural properties, but inconsistencies concerning terminology and methodology execution as well as the wide variety in terms of natural origin limit solid conclusions about the control parameters for oral processing and sensory perception. Consumer-relevant textural aspects such as tenderness and juiciness are not directly correlated to single structural features but depend on an interplay of multiple factors and thus require a holistic approach. We discuss the differences in mastication and disintegration of meat and meat analogs and provide an outlook toward converting skeptical consumers into returning customers. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Plant-Based Proteins: The Good, Bad, and Ugly

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Aimutis
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Consumption Enjoyment ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Made In

Our global population is growing at a pace to exceed 10 billion people by the year 2050. This growth will place pressure on the agricultural production of food to feed the hungry masses. One category that will be strained is protein. Per capita protein consumption is rising in virtually every country for both nutritional reasons and consumption enjoyment. The United Nations estimates protein demand will double by 2050, and this will result in a critical overall protein shortage if drastic changes are not made in the years preceding these changes. Therefore, the world is in the midst of identifying technological breakthroughs to make protein more readily available and sustainable for future generations. One protein sourcing category that has grown in the past decade is plant-based proteins, which seem to fit criteria established by discerning consumers, including healthy, sustainable, ethical, and relatively inexpensive. Although demand for plant-based protein continues to increase, these proteins are challenging to utilize in novel food formulations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Long Noncoding RNAs and Human Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna K. DiStefano ◽  
Glenn S. Gerhard
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cholestatic Liver Disease ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Number Of Publications

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The sheer number of lncRNAs in the human genome has raised important questions about their potential biological significance and roles in human health and disease. Technological and computational advances have enabled functional annotation of a large number of lncRNAs. Though the number of publications related to lncRNAs has escalated in recent years, relatively few have focused on those involved in hepatic physiology and pathology. We provide an overview of evolving lncRNA classification systems and characteristics and highlight important advances in our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to liver disease, with a focus on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholestatic liver disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Molecular Origins of Polymorphism in Cocoa Butter

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed M. Ghazani ◽  
Alejandro G. Marangoni
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Ternary Phase ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Polymorphic Transformations ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
Polymorphic Forms ◽  
Phase Behaviors ◽  
Metastable Forms

Cocoa butter displays complex crystallization behavior and six crystal polymorphic forms. Although the crystal structure of cocoa butter has been studied extensively, the molecular interactions between cocoa butter triacylglycerols in relation to polymorphic transformations from metastable forms (forms III and IV) to stable crystal forms (forms V and VI) remain largely unknown. In this review, the triclinic polymorphism and melting profiles of the major triacylglycerols in cocoa butter—POP, POS, and SOS—are reviewed, and their binary and ternary phase behaviors in metastable (pseudoβ′) and stable (β2) crystal forms are discussed. We also attempt to clarify how the transformation of cocoa butter from form IV to V, as a critical step in the tempering of chocolate, is controlled by POS interactions with both POP and SOS. Moreover, we show how the crystal forms V and VI of cocoa butter are templated by crystal forms β3 and β1 of POS, respectively. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Influence of the Western Diet on Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Immunity

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Las Heras ◽  
Silvia Melgar ◽  
John MacSharry ◽  
Cormac G.M. Gahan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Diet exerts a major influence upon host immune function and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Although components of the human diet (including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) are essential sources of nutrition for the host, they also influence immune function directly through interaction with innate and cell-mediated immune regulatory mechanisms. Regulation of the microbiota community structure also provides a mechanism by which food components influence host immune regulatory processes. Here, we consider the complex interplay between components of the modern (Western) diet, the microbiota, and host immunity in the context of obesity and metabolic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Approaches for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Lipoproteins and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliza Hussain ◽  
Christie M. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Statin Therapy ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Made In

Although numerous trials have convincingly shown benefits of statin therapy in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), most showed relative risk reductions of 25–40%, and thus many individuals continue to have ASCVD events despite statin therapy. Substantial progress has been made in developing therapies that address the residual risk for ASCVD despite statin therapy. In this review, we summarize progress of currently available therapies along with therapies under development that further reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins, reduce lipoprotein(a), reduce ASCVD events in patients with high triglycerides, and directly target inflammation to reduce ASCVD risk. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 72 is January 27, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Philanthrocapitalism and the Separation of Powers

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linsey McGoey
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Private Profit ◽  
Made In

This article discusses the rise of an approach to philanthropic giving known as philanthrocapitalism. I relate it to a new paradigm in management theory that has claimed that private profit making naturally aligns with improved public welfare. I show how growing belief in the inherent “compatibility” of corporate missions and public benefits has led to new laws and contributed to major shifts in how giving practices are structured and legitimated. The original point made in this article is that the philanthrocapitalist turn is more than simply an organizational change in the structure of different philanthropic institutions. Rather, the belief that profit-making and public welfare are naturally aligned also has significant, undertheorized implications for different principles in European-American legal traditions. The ascendancy of the philanthrocapitalist approach represents a subtle but profound displacement of belief in the need for democratic checks and balances on the use of public funds for private enrichment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Double and Charge-Transfer Excitations in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neepa T. Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional Theory ◽  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
System Size ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Dependent Density ◽  
Made In

Time-dependent density functional theory has emerged as a method of choice for calculations of spectra and response properties in physics, chemistry, and biology, with its system-size scaling enabling computations on systems much larger than otherwise possible. While increasingly complex and interesting systems have been successfully tackled with relatively simple functional approximations, there has also been increasing awareness that these functionals tend to fail for certain classes of approximations. Here I review the fundamental challenges the approximate functionals have in describing double excitations and charge-transfer excitations, which are two of the most common impediments for the theory to be applied in a black-box way. At the same time, I describe the progress made in recent decades in developing functional approximations that give useful predictions for these excitations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Alternatives to Meat and Dairy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantina Kyriakopoulou ◽  
Julia K. Keppler ◽  
Atze Jan van der Goot ◽  
Remko M. Boom
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dairy Foods ◽  
Cultured Meat ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Global Population

The increasing size and affluence of the global population have led to a rising demand for high-protein foods such as dairy and meat. Because it will be impossible to supply sufficient protein to everyone solely with dairy and meat, we need to transition at least part of our diets toward protein foods that are more sustainable to produce. The best way to convince consumers to make this transition is to offer products that easily fit into their current habits and diets by mimicking the original foods. This review focuses on methods of creating an internal microstructure close to that of the animal-based originals. One can directly employ plant products, use intermediates such as cell factories, or grow cultured meat by using nutrients of plant origin. We discuss methods of creating high-quality alternatives to meat and dairy foods, describe their relative merits, and provide an outlook toward the future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Salicylic Acid: Biosynthesis and Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujun Peng ◽  
Jianfei Yang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yuelin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Basal Defense ◽  
Made In ◽  
Key Questions

Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant defense hormone that promotes immunity against biotrophic and semibiotrophic pathogens. It plays crucial roles in basal defense and the amplification of local immune responses, as well as the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. During the past three decades, immense progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis, homeostasis, perception, and functions of SA. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SA in plant immunity and other biological processes. We highlight recent breakthroughs that substantially advanced our understanding of how SA is biosynthesized from isochorismate, how it is perceived, and how SA receptors regulate different aspects of plant immunity. Some key questions in SA biosynthesis and signaling, such as how SA is produced via another intermediate benzoic acid and how SA affects the activities of its receptors in the transcriptional regulation of defense genes, remain to be addressed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Plea Bargaining, Conviction Without Trial, and the Global Administratization of Criminal Convictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Máximo Langer
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
National Data ◽  
Criminal Convictions ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In ◽  
Cross National

This article documents the diffusion of plea bargaining and other mechanisms to reach criminal convictions without a trial and argues that their spread implies what this article terms an administratization of criminal convictions in many corners of the world. Criminal convictions have been administratized in two ways: ( a) Trial-avoiding mechanisms have given a larger role to nonjudicial, administrative officials in the determination of who gets convicted and for which crimes, and ( b) these decisions are made in proceedings that do not include a trial with its attached defendants’ rights. The article also proposes a way this phenomenon could be quantitatively measured by articulating the rate of administratization of criminal convictions, a metric to allow for comparison among different jurisdictions. The article then presents cross-national data from 26 jurisdictions on their rate of administratization of criminal convictions and different hypotheses that may help explain variation across jurisdictions on this rate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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