scholarly journals Philanthrocapitalism and the Separation of Powers

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linsey McGoey
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Private Profit ◽  
Made In

This article discusses the rise of an approach to philanthropic giving known as philanthrocapitalism. I relate it to a new paradigm in management theory that has claimed that private profit making naturally aligns with improved public welfare. I show how growing belief in the inherent “compatibility” of corporate missions and public benefits has led to new laws and contributed to major shifts in how giving practices are structured and legitimated. The original point made in this article is that the philanthrocapitalist turn is more than simply an organizational change in the structure of different philanthropic institutions. Rather, the belief that profit-making and public welfare are naturally aligned also has significant, undertheorized implications for different principles in European-American legal traditions. The ascendancy of the philanthrocapitalist approach represents a subtle but profound displacement of belief in the need for democratic checks and balances on the use of public funds for private enrichment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Plant-Based Proteins: The Good, Bad, and Ugly

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Aimutis
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Consumption Enjoyment ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Made In

Our global population is growing at a pace to exceed 10 billion people by the year 2050. This growth will place pressure on the agricultural production of food to feed the hungry masses. One category that will be strained is protein. Per capita protein consumption is rising in virtually every country for both nutritional reasons and consumption enjoyment. The United Nations estimates protein demand will double by 2050, and this will result in a critical overall protein shortage if drastic changes are not made in the years preceding these changes. Therefore, the world is in the midst of identifying technological breakthroughs to make protein more readily available and sustainable for future generations. One protein sourcing category that has grown in the past decade is plant-based proteins, which seem to fit criteria established by discerning consumers, including healthy, sustainable, ethical, and relatively inexpensive. Although demand for plant-based protein continues to increase, these proteins are challenging to utilize in novel food formulations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Approaches for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Lipoproteins and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliza Hussain ◽  
Christie M. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Statin Therapy ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Made In

Although numerous trials have convincingly shown benefits of statin therapy in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), most showed relative risk reductions of 25–40%, and thus many individuals continue to have ASCVD events despite statin therapy. Substantial progress has been made in developing therapies that address the residual risk for ASCVD despite statin therapy. In this review, we summarize progress of currently available therapies along with therapies under development that further reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins, reduce lipoprotein(a), reduce ASCVD events in patients with high triglycerides, and directly target inflammation to reduce ASCVD risk. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 72 is January 27, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Double and Charge-Transfer Excitations in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neepa T. Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional Theory ◽  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
System Size ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Dependent Density ◽  
Made In

Time-dependent density functional theory has emerged as a method of choice for calculations of spectra and response properties in physics, chemistry, and biology, with its system-size scaling enabling computations on systems much larger than otherwise possible. While increasingly complex and interesting systems have been successfully tackled with relatively simple functional approximations, there has also been increasing awareness that these functionals tend to fail for certain classes of approximations. Here I review the fundamental challenges the approximate functionals have in describing double excitations and charge-transfer excitations, which are two of the most common impediments for the theory to be applied in a black-box way. At the same time, I describe the progress made in recent decades in developing functional approximations that give useful predictions for these excitations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Salicylic Acid: Biosynthesis and Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujun Peng ◽  
Jianfei Yang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yuelin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Basal Defense ◽  
Made In ◽  
Key Questions

Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant defense hormone that promotes immunity against biotrophic and semibiotrophic pathogens. It plays crucial roles in basal defense and the amplification of local immune responses, as well as the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. During the past three decades, immense progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis, homeostasis, perception, and functions of SA. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SA in plant immunity and other biological processes. We highlight recent breakthroughs that substantially advanced our understanding of how SA is biosynthesized from isochorismate, how it is perceived, and how SA receptors regulate different aspects of plant immunity. Some key questions in SA biosynthesis and signaling, such as how SA is produced via another intermediate benzoic acid and how SA affects the activities of its receptors in the transcriptional regulation of defense genes, remain to be addressed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Plea Bargaining, Conviction Without Trial, and the Global Administratization of Criminal Convictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Máximo Langer
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
National Data ◽  
Criminal Convictions ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In ◽  
Cross National

This article documents the diffusion of plea bargaining and other mechanisms to reach criminal convictions without a trial and argues that their spread implies what this article terms an administratization of criminal convictions in many corners of the world. Criminal convictions have been administratized in two ways: ( a) Trial-avoiding mechanisms have given a larger role to nonjudicial, administrative officials in the determination of who gets convicted and for which crimes, and ( b) these decisions are made in proceedings that do not include a trial with its attached defendants’ rights. The article also proposes a way this phenomenon could be quantitatively measured by articulating the rate of administratization of criminal convictions, a metric to allow for comparison among different jurisdictions. The article then presents cross-national data from 26 jurisdictions on their rate of administratization of criminal convictions and different hypotheses that may help explain variation across jurisdictions on this rate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Drama of Wallerian Degeneration: The Cast, Crew, and Script

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Mingsheng Jiang ◽  
Yanshan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Wallerian Degeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Axon Degeneration ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Injury Response ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Made In

Significant advances have been made in recent years in identifying the genetic components of Wallerian degeneration, the process that brings the progressive destruction and removal of injured axons. It has now been accepted that Wallerian degeneration is an active and dynamic cellular process that is well regulated at molecular and cellular levels. In this review, we describe our current understanding of Wallerian degeneration, focusing on the molecular players and mechanisms that mediate the injury response, activate the degenerative program, transduce the death signal, execute the destruction order, and finally, clear away the debris. By highlighting the starring roles and sketching out the molecular script of Wallerian degeneration, we hope to provide a useful framework to understand Wallerian and Wallerian-like degeneration and to lay a foundation for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat axon degeneration in neural injury as well as in neurodegenerative disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Characterization of Effector–Target Interactions in Necrotrophic Pathosystems Reveals Trends and Variation in Host Manipulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Friesen ◽  
Justin D. Faris
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Parastagonospora Nodorum ◽  
Made In

Great strides have been made in defining the details of the plant defense response involving biotrophic fungal and bacterial pathogens. The groundwork for the current model was laid by H.H. Flor and others who defined the gene-for-gene hypothesis, which is now known to involve effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is also a highly effective response to most pathogens because of the recognition of common pathogen molecules by pattern recognition receptors. In this article, we consider the three pathogens that make up the foliar disease complex of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Parastagonospora nodorum, to review the means by which necrotrophic pathogens circumvent, or outright hijack, the ETI and PTI pathways to cause disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Subo Dong
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Planetary System ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Kepler Mission ◽  
Astronomy And Astrophysics ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Made In

In the past few years, significant advances have been made in understanding the distributions of exoplanet populations and the architecture of planetary systems. We review the recent progress of planet statistics, with a focus on the inner ≲1-AU region of the planetary system that has been fairly thoroughly surveyed by the Kepler mission. We also discuss the theoretical implications of these statistical results for planet formation and dynamical evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 59 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Presidential Unilateral Power

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lowande ◽  
Jon C. Rogowski
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Chief Executives ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

Contrary to stylized accounts of policy making in democracies, it is routine for presidents, governors, and other chief executives to issue directives such as decrees and executive orders to make law on their own. This article evaluates what political scientists have learned about presidential unilateral power. In our view, while a quarter century of scholarship on the topic has yielded a variety of theoretical predictions, the empirical record offers conflicting and perhaps unreliable evidence to substantiate and adjudicate between them. We review the dominant theoretical perspectives, which focus largely on constraints related to the separation of powers and political accountability. We then evaluate the evidence supporting these arguments and conclude with recommendations for conceptual, theoretical, and empirical advancement. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 11, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Stability and Control of Power Grids

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yue Song ◽  
Lipeng Zhu ◽  
David J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Control

Power grids are critical infrastructure in modern society, and there are well-established theories for the stability and control of traditional power grids under a centralized paradigm. Driven by environmental and sustainability concerns, power grids are undergoing an unprecedented transition, with much more flexibility as well as uncertainty brought by the growing penetration of renewable energy and power electronic devices. A new paradigm for stability and control is under development that uses graph-based, data-based, and distributed analysis tools. This article surveys classic and novel results on the stability and control of power grids to provide a perspective on this both old and new subject. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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