The Status of Endangered Contact Languages of the World

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-318
Author(s):  
Nala H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mixed Languages

This article provides an up-to-date perspective on the endangerment that contact languages around the world are facing, with a focus on pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages. While language contact is often associated with language shift and hence language endangerment, languages arising from contact also can and do face the risk of endangerment. Recent observations and studies show that contact languages may be at twice the risk of endangerment and loss compared with noncontact languages. The loss of these languages is highly consequential. The arguments that usually apply to why noncontact languages should be conserved also apply to many of these contact languages. This article highlights recent work on the documentation and preservation of contact languages and suggests that much more can be done to protect and conserve this unique category of languages.

The Status of the World’s Endangered Languages

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-47
Author(s):  
Anna Belew ◽  
Sean Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Linguistic Vitality

This chapter provides an overview of the status of the world’s endangered languages, based primarily on data from the Catalogue of Endangered Languages. Difficulties in identifying and enumerating endangered languages and obstacles to assessing linguistic vitality on a large scale are discussed. Statistical overviews are provided of language endangerment by global region, comparing trends in language endangerment across the world. The availability (or widespread absence) of the kinds of data necessary to assess language endangerment is examined, and we encourage linguists to include these types of data in their field reports and other published work. Finally, widely circulated statistics of language endangerment and death are considered.

scholarly journals PELESTARIAN KONSEP KESETARAAN, KETERBUKAAN DAN RELASI ANTARA MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN DI KALANGAN GENERASI MUDA BATAK TOBA DI JAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Rita Maria Siahaan ◽  
Setiawati Darmojuwono ◽  
Muhammad Arie Andiko Ajie
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Human Being ◽  
World Views ◽  
The World

Indonesian society is multicultural and multilingual. Dialects in Indonesia have a lot of indigenous concepts, which are important for the nation building. In a multilingual society, language contact means that languages with small repertoire can be dominated by languages with larger repertoire (Romaine 2000). The Batak Toba language has concepts about egalitarianism, transparency and harmonizes relation between human being and environment.  Most of young Batak  Toba generation, who were born and who are living in Jakarta do not speak well Batak Toba language. There is a language shift among them, although they do not speak Batak Toba language, they still master the world views of Batak Toba culture.

The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
The World ◽  
Mixed Languages

Every language has been influenced in some way by other languages through contact-induced linguistic change. Potentially any features can be transferred from one language to another if the sociolinguistic and structural circumstances are right. New languages –pidgins, creoles and mixed languages- can come into being as the result of language contact. This book examines the various forms of contact-induced linguistic change and the levels of language which have provided instances of these influences. In addition it provides accounts of how language contact has affected some twenty languages, spoken and signed, from all parts of the world. Each chapter is written by experts, in many cases native speakers of the language in question, each with many years of studying and analysing the field. Drawing on the most up-to-date work on relevant language an themes, this book is an invaluable account of the possibilities and products of contact-induced linguistic change.

scholarly journals Unbalanced Language Contact and the Struggle for Survival: Bridging Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives on Nahuatl

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Olko
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Looking at the Spanish impact on Nahuatl both in its full historical trajectory and modern synchronic dimension, I focus on the differentiation between ‘balanced’, long-term language contact and ‘unbalanced’ contact leading to rapid language shift in contemporary indigenous communities. I discuss the connection between accelerated contact-induced language change and language endangerment and shift, highlighting and assessing the mutually interdependent extra- and inter-linguistic variables that influence and shape both processes. Of special importance is the synchronic variation linked to speakers’ proficiency that influences language transmission in the diachronic perspective. On the basis of extensive fieldwork and linguistic documentation I identify several types of Nahuatl speakers as agents of this accelerated language change which leads to individual attrition and shift at the community level. This kind of multidisciplinary approach, taking into account both historical and modern data, can also potentially be useful for other minority languages in the scenario of long-term contact with a dominant language.

The Duke of York affair (1809) and the complexities of wartime patriotism

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Harling
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Commander In Chief

ABSTRACTThe essay examines the forced resignation of the duke of York as commander-in-chief of the British army in 1809 as a case study in the complexities of patriotism during the Napoleonic war. The recent work of Linda Colley and others has emphasized the conservative use of wartime patriotism as a means of defending the established political order in general and royalty in particular. But the parliamentary and outdoor pressure that prompted the duke to step down in response to suspicions that he had permitted his mistress to trqffick in army commissions indicates that staunch supporters as well as critics of the status quo did not hesitate to invoke patriotism as a means of criticizing royalty when it was thought to have neglected its duty to set a good moral example to the nation. There is no question that a large majority of the duke's critics felt that royalty was integral to what they believed was Britain's uniquely privileged position in the world. But the York affair suggests that a great many ‘patriotic’ Britons felt that the royal family had to be protected from its own occasional indiscretions as well as from the Napoleonic peril.

Language Contact and Endangered Languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-260
Author(s):  
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Language Loss ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Endangered Language ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

A major reason for language endangerment is intensive contact with another group whose language has gained, or is gaining, greater political, social and economic prestige and advantages. Speakers of an endangered language will gradually lose the capacity to fully communicate in the language, and fully understand it. As a consequence, an endangered language will gradually become obsolescent. The process of language obsolescence ultimately leads to language shift and language loss. The impact of the increasingly dominant language onto an endangered language tends to involve a massive influx of non-native forms from the dominant language; a high amount of structural diffusion; reinforcement of forms and patterns shared with the dominant language; and the loss of forms or patterns absent from the dominant language. Language endangerment and impending language shift may result in dialect leveling, and creating new mixed, or ‘blended’ languages. A major difference between contact-induced language change in ‘healthy’ and in endangered languages lies in the speed of change. A high degree of individual variation between speakers and disintegration of language communities result in the lack of continuity and stability of linguistic change.

scholarly journals Mixed Languages as Outcomes of Code-Switching: Recent Examples from Australia and Their Implications

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McConvell
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Current Pattern ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nominal Morphology ◽  
Gravity Hypothesis ◽  
Mixed Languages

AbstractThere has been much debate about whether mixed languages arise from code-switching. This paper presents one clear example of this kind of genesis, Gurindji Kriol, and other probable examples, from recent language contact in Australia between traditional Australian languages and English-based pidgins/creoles. In particular the paper focuses on what has been called the Verbal-Nominal split in the genesis of these languages, which is parallel to other cases elswhete in the world, such as Michif. Here the Verbal-Nominal split is reanalysed as a split between INFL (Tense-Aspect-Mood) dominated elements and the rest of the clause. There are two classes of such INFL mixed languages with contrasting characteristics: those in which the new language takes over the INFL elements and the nominal morphology is still drawn from the old language, like Gurindji Kriol; and those in which the verb and its morphology is retained from the old language but other elements are drawn from the new language. This is explained in terms of the 'arrested turnover' hypothesis of Myers-Scotton. The original 'centre of gravity' hypothesis of McConvell related the two kinds of mixed language outcomes to the grammatical type of the old language: whether it was 'dependent-marking' or 'headmarking'. In this paper this hypothesis is modified by seeing the important causal factor in the second type as incorporation of INFL and pronouns in the verb in head-marking and polysynthetic languages. Finally some other examples of mixed languages of the INFL-split type are mentioned, and a research program outlined aiming to detect where this kind of language-mixing forms part of the history of other languages by looking at the current pattern of composition of elements from different language sources.

Butqui c'est la différence? Discourse markers in Louisiana French: The case ofbutvs.mais

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Dajko ◽  
Katie Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Text Organization ◽  
Louisiana French ◽  
The Status ◽  
Functional Distribution

AbstractThis article examines the use of English discourse markers in Louisiana French, focusing in particular on Englishbutand its French counterpartmais. Based on data collected in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, we examine the speech of bilinguals to determine the status of these markers, which provide a window onto the role of discourse markers in situations of language contact. Though the markers show an overlapping semantic and functional distribution,butmore often appears in the context of at least one pause. We also provide acoustic evidence and an analysis of the markers in different functions to conclude that the need for iconic contrast via language mixing (Maschler 1994, 1997; de Rooij 2000) is only one possible motivation for the use of foreign markers. We conclude that discourse markers may carry social meaning and be the site of identity construction as much as they are the site of text organization. (Discourse markers, bilingual discourse, codeswitching, language shift)*

Impact of Social Media on English Language: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dr. Neha Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
English Language ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
International Level ◽  
Class Society ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Media ◽  
Subsequent Rise

Language being a potent vehicle of transmitting cultural values, norms and beliefs remains a central factor in determining the status of any nation. India is a multilingual country which tends to encourage people to use English at national and international level. Basically English in India owes its presence to the British but its subsequent rise is not fully attributable to the British. It has now become the language of wider communication which is now spoken by large number of people all over the world. It is influenced by many factors such as class, society, developments in science and technology etc. However the major influence on English language is and has been the media.

MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN TEACHING AT HIGH SCHOOLS IN VINH YEN CITY, VINH PHUC PROVINCE MEETS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Kha Thap
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Surface Strength ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Information Technology Application

Entering the XXI century and especially in the period of the industrial revolution has entered the era of IT with the knowledge economy in the trend of globalization. The 4.0 mankind development of ICT, especially the Internet has had a strong impact and make changes to all activities profound social life of every country in the world. Through surveys in six high School, interviewed 85 managers and teachers on the status of the management of information technology application in teaching, author of the article used the SWOT method to distribute surface strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges from which to export 7 management measures consistent with reality. 7 measures have been conducting trials and the results showed that 07 measures of necessary and feasible.

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