Oral vanadyl sulfate in treatment of diabetes mellitus in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (3) ◽  
pp. H904-H911 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ramanadham ◽  
J. J. Mongold ◽  
R. W. Brownsey ◽  
G. H. Cros ◽  
J. H. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Heart Function ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Vanadyl Sulfate ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Working Heart ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Activity

Recent reports have suggested that vanadium in the form of vanadyl (+IV) possesses insulin-like activity. Therefore, in the present study we examined the effects of administering oral vanadyl to diabetic animals. Wistar rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and age-matched controls were maintained for 10 wk in the absence and presence of vanadyl sulfate trihydrate in the drinking water. In the presence of vanadyl, decreases in rate of growth and circulating levels of insulin were the only significant alterations recorded in control animals. In contrast, diabetic animals treated with vanadyl, despite having lower body weights and insulin levels, had normal plasma concentrations of glucose, lipid, creatinine, and thyroid hormone. In addition, abnormalities in isolated working heart function and glycerol output from adipose tissue of diabetic animals were also corrected after vanadyl treatment. These results suggest that vanadium when used in the vanadyl form is effective in diminishing the diabetic state in the rat by substituting for and replacing insulin or possibly by enhancing the effects of endogenous insulin.

Pituitary and plasma levels of growth hormone in Booroola sheep that are either homozygous carriers or non-carriers of the FecBB fecundity gene

1995 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
L G Moore ◽  
K P McNatty ◽  
K L Isaacs ◽  
S Lun ◽  
W Ng Chie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the FecBB fecundity gene on plasma concentrations and pituitary content of growth hormone (GH) in sheep. No differences were found between homozygous carriers (BB) and non carriers (++) of the FecBB gene with regard to pituitary GH contents in both ovariectomized and intact ewes. However, ovariectomized ewes had higher levels of pituitary GH than intact ewes (P<0·01). There were no differences between FecBB genotypes with respect to plasma concentrations of GH in 6-year-old ovariectomized ewes bled every 10 min for 12 h or in ram lambs bled weekly during their first year of life. GH levels in the rams decreased until week 27, increased to a peak at week 31 then decreased before increasing again at week 43. Mean plasma GH concentrations in the ewe lambs bled weekly for a year decreased until week 19 then remained at approximately this level for the remainder of the year. Mean GH plasma concentrations in the ram lambs were higher than in the ewe lambs (P<0·001). Ewe lambs that were homozygous for the FecBB gene had lower body weights (P<0·05) and had higher levels of GH (P<0·01) than non carrier ewe lambs during their first year. Before the average age of first behavioural oestrus (36 weeks) GH levels in the ewe lambs were negatively correlated with body weights (r=−0·69, P<0·001, n=22). When body weight was included as a covariate in analysis of variance the genotype difference in ewe lamb plasma GH concentrations was no longer significant. In summary, pituitaries from ovariectomized ewes had higher levels of GH than those from intact ewes. There were no FecBB gene specific differences in pituitary levels of GH, the profile of plasma GH in 6-year-old ovariectomized ewes or in ram lambs during their first year of life. BB ewe lambs had higher levels of GH than ++ ewe lambs during their first year; however, this difference was probably due to the BB ewes having lower body weights than the ++ ewes because body weight was negatively correlated with mean GH levels. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 147, 217–223

scholarly journals Plasma Insulin Like Activity in Relation with the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-609,580
Author(s):  
Kozo YAMADA ◽  
Nobuo SAKAMOTO ◽  
Tadataka KOIDE ◽  
Katsumi AOYAMA ◽  
Tutomu Kuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Like Activity

Effect of Changes in Ambient Temperature on Spontaneous Activity, Food Intake and Body Weight of Goldthioglucose-Obese and Nonobese Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
N. B. Marshall ◽  
J. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Body Weights

Goldthioglucose-obese mice cannot adjust their food intake to meet the increased energy requirements due to cold. At all ambient temperatures above 15°C the spontaneous running activity of these animals is less than that observed for nonobese controls. Activity of obese mice is maximal at 19°C and minimal at 15°C or lower. Body weights decrease during exposure to cold. In contrast to that of obese mice, running activity of nonobese controls is maximal at an ambient temperature of 25°C but nearly ceases at 15°C or lower. The food intake of these animals increases in the cold and remains elevated even at temperatures at which activity decreases. The body weight of nonobese controls is either maintained constant or increases during exposure to cold air.

Cardiac function in spontaneously hypertensive diabetic rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. H571-H580 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rodrigues ◽  
J. H. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Myocardial Dysfunction ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Wistar Kyoto ◽  
Developed Pressure ◽  
Working Heart ◽  
Diabetes Induction

The isolated perfused working heart was used to study hypertensive diabetes-induced alterations in cardiac function at 6 and 12 wk after diabetes was induced. At 6 wk after diabetes induction, cardiac performance was depressed in the diabetic animals. However, there was no difference in cardiac function between normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) diabetic rats. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were also included as normotensive controls in our 12-wk study. Hearts from 12-wk SHR and Wistar diabetic animals exhibited a depressed left ventricular developed pressure and positive and negative dP/dt when compared with control animals. However, this depression was not seen in the WKY diabetic animals. In addition, quantitation of various parameters of heart function revealed highly significant differences between SHR diabetic animals and all other groups associated with an increased mortality. Serum lipids were elevated in SHR and Wistar and were unaffected in WKY diabetic rats. Furthermore, thyroid hormone levels were not depressed in WKY diabetic rats as seen in the other two diabetic groups. This normal lipid metabolism and thyroid status could, in part, explain the lack of cardiac dysfunction in these animals. The data provide further evidence that the combination of hypertension and diabetes mellitus produces greater myocardial dysfunction than with either disease alone and is associated with a significant mortality.

Hypothermia: effects of hypertonic solutions on incidence of ventricular fibrillation

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Robert Beavers
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Hypertonic Glucose ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Cardiac Excitability

Mongrel dogs cooled to terminus exhibited a 91% incidence of ventricular fibrillation. Animals receiving 25% glucose or 50% sucrose intravenously during cooling did not fibrillate but terminated in asystole. In untreated cooled animals, plasma concentrations decreased, and plasma calcium and sodium were unaltered. Dogs receiving hypertonic glucose or sucrose had decreased plasma calcium and sodium levels, but normal potassium concentrations at lower body temperatures. The possible mechanisms by which hypertonic fluids decrease excessive cardiac excitability are discussed.

scholarly journals Weight estimation and hormone concentrations related to body condition in Icelandic and Warmblood horses: a field study

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Bovbjerg Jensen ◽  
Lucca Louise Rockhold ◽  
Anne-Helene Tauson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Correct Determination

Abstract Background The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of different body weight formulas for estimating body weight of Icelandic and Warmblood horses, as well as to assess the associations between the variables cresty neck score, body condition score, and plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and cortisol. A total of 81 adult (≥ 4 years of age) horses (43 Icelandic and 38 Warmblood horses) was included in this study. The following morphological measurements were collected by two examiners simultaneously; body weight; height at withers; neck length; 0.5 neck length; neck circumference; umbilical circumference, two different heart girths, as well as two different body length measurements. The horse’s body weights were measured on a weight scale, and cresty neck scores were rated along with body condition scores using both the 0 to 5 and the 1 to 9 systems. Results In general, the concordance correlation coefficient was high for most formulas, but the mean bias and slope bias deviations varied between formulas. Some simple formulas using only heart girth, or heart girth and length can be used to estimate body weight of Icelandic and Warmblood horses as good as more complex formulas using four morphometric measurements. Plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin were higher (P < 0.001) for the Icelandic than the Warmblood horses, probably reflecting higher body fat content as suggested by the differences in body condition score. Conclusions Body weight formulas only give an estimate of body weight and not a completely correct determination. Some simple and more complex formulas can be used for Icelandic horses even though they are not developed for this breed. Complex formulas using four morphometric measurements were accurate, but simple formulas using only heart girth, or heart girth and length can be used to estimate body weight and thereby be applied to weight tapes and used to estimate the body weight of both Icelandic and Warmblood horses.

Endocrine Responses to Inclement Weather in Naturally Breeding Populations of White-Crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis)

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Wingfield ◽  
Michael C. Moore ◽  
Donald S. Farner
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Inclement Weather ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Stormy Weather ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Circulating Levels

Abstract Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and corticosterone were measured in relation to periods of inclement versus fair weather during the reproductive season of the Puget Sound White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis). In 1974, cool stormy weather in spring delayed the onset of breeding by one month and also prolonged the period of elevated circulating levels of LH and testosterone, compared with the fair spring of 1975. Inclement weather in 1974 did not appear to be stressful, as indicated by body weights and plasma levels of corticosterone. In late May 1980, however, a storm occurred after nesting activities had begun and all pairs sampled were feeding young. In this case, plasma levels of corticosterone were greatly elevated above those of birds sampled at the same time in the warm spring of 1979 and also above those of birds sampled in spring of both 1974 and 1975. In addition, fat depots were virtually exhausted in birds sampled during the storm of 1980, suggesting that these birds were stressed. Most pairs lost their brood in May 1980, presumably to starvation, and renested after amelioration of environmental conditions in June. These data suggest that although storms may modify the onset and temporal progression of the reproductive cycle, they are stressful to adults only when the nesting phase is in progress. Thus, the underlying mechanisms by which inclement weather delays the onset of breeding or disrupts the nesting once underway are likely to have different endocrine bases.

Effects of glucocorticoid treatment on cardiac protein synthesis and degradation

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (6) ◽  
pp. C821-C827 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Clark ◽  
G. N. DeMartino ◽  
K. Wildenthal
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Langendorff Perfusion ◽  
Perfused Hearts ◽  
Fasted Rats ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

We treated rats with dexamethasone (DEX, 1 mg . kg-1 . day-1) and examined the effects of this glucocorticoid on heart protein metabolism using atrial explant and Langendorff perfusion preparations. Fasted rats treated with DEX for 2 days had significantly lower body weights (92% of control, P less than 0.001) and larger hearts (106% of control, P less than 0.005) than fasted control animals. Protein and RNA concentrations remained constant. In atrial explants, DEX treatment produced a 19% increase in protein synthesis (P less than 0.001) and a 13% increase in protein degradation (P less than 0.002). In Langendorff-perfused hearts, DEX treatment caused a 36% increase in protein synthesis (P less than 0.02), while protein degradation was 8% above control (P greater than 0.05). Thus, in contrast to their catabolic effects on skeletal muscle, glucocorticoids are anabolic on the heart. The increased accumulation of total cardiac protein during early glucocorticoid administration is mediated entirely via increased rates of synthesis.

scholarly journals Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Des-Acyl Ghrelin Show Small Phenotype

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Ariyasu ◽  
Kazuhiko Takaya ◽  
Hiroshi Iwakura ◽  
Hiroshi Hosoda ◽  
Takashi Akamizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Acid Modification ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Actin Promoter ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Serum Gh

Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid acylated peptide, displays strong GH-releasing activity in concert with GHRH. The fatty acid modification of ghrelin is essential for the actions, and des-acyl ghrelin, which lacks the modification, has been assumed to be devoid of biological effects. Some recent reports, however, indicate that des-acyl ghrelin has effects on cell proliferation and survival. In the present study, we generated two lines of transgenic mice bearing the preproghrelin gene under the control of chicken β-actin promoter. Transgenic mice overexpressed des-acyl ghrelin in a wide variety of tissues, and plasma des-acyl ghrelin levels reached 10- and 44-fold of those in control mice. They exhibited lower body weights and shorter nose-to-anus lengths, compared with control mice. The serum GH levels tended to be lower, and the serum IGF-I levels were significantly lower in both male and female transgenic mice than control mice. The responses of GH to administered GHRH were normal, whereas those to administered ghrelin were reduced, especially in female transgenic mice, compared with control mice. These data suggest that overexpressed des-acyl ghrelin may modulate the GH-IGF-I axis and result in small phenotype in transgenic mice.

Age, sex, and lactating status regulate ghrelin secretion and GOAT mRNA levels from isolated rat stomach

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. E341-E350 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Al-Massadi ◽  
A. B. Crujeiras ◽  
R. C. González ◽  
M. Pardo ◽  
C. Diéguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Rat Stomach ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Homeostasis Regulation ◽  
Ghrelin Secretion ◽  
First Time ◽  
Circulating Levels

Ghrelin is a stomach derivate peptide involved in energy homeostasis regulation, and ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is the enzyme responsible for ghrelin acylation. Puberty is a period characterized by profound changes in the metabolic requirements and notable variations of sexual hormone levels. On the other hand, the weaning process is a fundamental modification of the diet, which implicates several adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract physiology. Until now the direct secretion of ghrelin by the stomach in these conditions, without interferences from other organs, has never been studied. The main objective of this article was to investigate how the stomach modulates ghrelin production and secretion as well as GOAT expression on these periods of life. Gastric ghrelin secretion is regulated through postnatal life in an independent way of gastric expression and circulating levels of this hormone. The present work shows a strong regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion by estrogens. The weaning strongly regulates gastric ghrelin secretion. Animals subjected to delayed weaning present a lower body weight than the corresponding controls. For the first time, it is shown that a noticeable decrease in circulating levels of testosterone and estrogens is associated with delay of weaning. GOAT mRNA levels in the stomach are strongly regulated by age, breastfeeding, and testosterone. In conclusion, the stomach itself regulates ghrelin and GOAT production to adapt the organism to the metabolic requirements demanded through each stage of life.

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