During the last decade it became the subject of much attention by both scientists and the general public that in the biological system like many other inorganic elements calcium is the most important element. The central role of calcium is in mammalian bones and other mineralized tissues were recognised immediately after its discovery as an element by the scientist Davy in 1808. The insight arrived much later that calcium 2+ ions could play a very important role in other tissues as well.
Nowadays, Ca2+ ions are widely recognised as central to a complex intracellular messenger system that is mediating a wide range of biological processes such as muscle contraction, secretion, glycolysis and glycogenesis, iron transport, cell division and growth [1–11].
In the case of mammals, the blood plasma in the Ca2+ Ion concentration exceeds the intracellular by factor of about 104 Ca2+ ions are instrumental in joining certain proteins in the blood clotting system with membrane surfaces of circulating cells.
The stable isotopes of calcium are 40 Ca, 44 Ca, 42 Ca, 43 Ca, amid all 40 Ca is most abundant [12]. There are two main groups of experimental techniques for the measurement ofCa2+ion namely 1) Measurement of free calcium concentration. 2) Measurement of total calcium concentration.
Approximately 1 kilogram of calcium is present in the human body of which more than 99% deposit is in the bone in the form of calcium phosphate [1].
The distribution of calcium 2+ Ion throughout the organism is demanded and should be made available where needed. In human beings, the blood plasma level of total calcium is kept constant (=2.45mM) within the narrow limits. On a cellular level the basal cytoplasmic calcium 2+concentration, at least in eukaryotic cells, is very low that is on the order of 100 nM. Whereas, at the same time the concentration of Ca2+ in certain organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria may be considerably higher [2,13]. Ca+ channels are regulated by chemical signalling, perhaps by hormones acting directly on the channel by small molecules released intracellularly when a hormone is attached to a membrane- bound receptor [lipard].
More than 99% of the calcium in the human body is in the bones and teeth. In bone, calcium provides the structural strength that allows the bone to support the body’s weight and anchor the muscles. Bone calcium also serves as a reservoir that can be tapped to maintain extracellular calcium concentration regardless of intake. Calcium differs from most other nutrients in that the body contains a substantial store, far in excess of short-term needs, but at the same time that store serves a critical structural role. Thus, the effects of calcium deficiency may escape notice for a considerable time, until they manifest as skeletal weakness or fractures. Deficiency of calcium bones becomes interstitial or brittle and osteoporosis gradually develops.
Effects of pH and the plasma or serum concentrations of total calcium, chloride, magnesium,l‐lactate, and albumin on the plasma ionized calcium concentration in calves
