Weight gains and fat accumulation in rats subjected to periods of caloric restriction

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 1044-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Heggeness
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Stimulation Of

It was previously observed that weanling rats subjected to several days of caloric intake just sufficient to maintain weight and then fed ad libitum developed enhanced rates of lipid accumulation. Animals so treated gained weight and accumulated fat at a rate greater than did animals fed ad libitum from weaning. The objective of the present study was to determine the conditions of restricted intake that resulted in the greatest stimulation of lipogenesis and to evaluate the effect of an initially elevated rate of fat accumulation on later body composition. Maximal stimulation of lipogenesis was found to follow 6 days of caloric restriction on a diet high in carbohydrate. Differences in body weight and fat content previously observed after 6 days were not maintained. By the 12th day of ad libitum feeding, body weight and fat content of control animals and those with elevated lipogenesis were the same. Animals subjected to periods of caloric restriction alternating with periods of ad libitum intake showed, during unrestricted feeding, rates of weight gain and fat accumulation greater than that of animals fed ad libitum continuously.

scholarly journals The Effects of Caloric Restriction and/or Intermittent Fasting on Bone Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Connor A. Hernon ◽  
Abduallah Elsayed ◽  
Raphael M. Vicente ◽  
Ariane Zamarioli ◽  
Melissa A. Kacena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact

This mini-review summarizes the available information regarding the impact of caloric restriction (CR) and/or intermittent fasting (IF) on bone health. CR and IF are dietary interventions used in rehabilitative healthcare for augmenting weight loss and also proposed for recovery of conditions such as stroke and heart failure. CR restricts the total number of calories rather than different food groups or periods of eating. In contrast, IF severely restricts caloric intake for a period of time followed by a period of ad libitum intake. Here, we discuss the available information regarding the impact of these rehabilitation diets on bone metabolism, highlighting areas of consistency and discrepancy and suggesting future areas of study to advance the understanding of CR and/or IF on bone health.

Exercise regulation of triiodothyronine metabolism

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. E824-E828 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Katzeff ◽  
D. Bovbjerg ◽  
D. A. Mark
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Caloric Balance

Negative caloric balance reduces triiodothyronine (T3) production in both humans and rodents. The effects of chronic voluntary exercise and various levels of caloric intake and balance on T3 metabolism were studied in adult male C57/BL6 mice to determine if exercise had any direct effects on T3 production in vivo and in vitro. Chronic voluntary exercise was induced by the addition of running wheels to cages for 28 days. Ad libitum-fed exercising mice ingested 20% greater calories (P less than 0.02), maintained body weight, and increased T3 production (53.1 +/- 5.3 vs. 42.3 +/- 3.4 ng.h-1.100 mg body wt-1; P less than 0.01). Exercising animals pair fed to sedentary ad libitum-fed controls decreased their body mass to an equivalent degree as underfed sedentary animals (caloric intake 75% of ad libitum-fed controls) but had increased T3 clearance compared with weight-matched underfed sedentary control (P less than 0.05). Animals that were underfed and exercised decreased their body weight to a greater extent (P less than 0.01) compared with the sedentary underfed group, but T3 production rates were equal. Activity of liver 5'-deiodinase activity was decreased almost 50% (P less than 0.01) during both exercise plus pair feeding and exercise plus caloric restriction but decreased only 28% during caloric restriction alone (P less than 0.01). T3 metabolic clearance and production rates in vivo were correlated to caloric intake (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01), but an interaction between exercise and caloric balance was observed. Chronic voluntary exercise modulates T3 metabolism via several mechanisms. Exercise has an apparent stimulatory effect independent of caloric intake, but also there are regulatory effects dependent on the absolute level of caloric intake and relative caloric balance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Sex-related differences in energy balance in response to caloric restriction

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. E15-E22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Valle ◽  
A. Català-Niell ◽  
B. Colom ◽  
F. J. García-Palmer ◽  
J. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Sex-related differences in energy balance were studied in young Wistar rats fed standard chow pellets either ad libitum or in restricted amounts (60% of ad libitum intake) for 100 days. Caloric intake, indirect calorimetry, organ and adipose tissue weights, energy efficiency, liver mitochondrial respiration rate, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) content were measured. Ad libitum-fed females showed greater oxygen consumption (V̇o2) and carbon dioxide production (V̇co2) and lower energy efficiency than males. Caloric restriction induced a chronic drop of V̇o2 and V̇co2 in females but not in males over the period studied. Restricted females showed a better conservation of metabolic active organ mass and a greater decrease in adipose depots than restricted males. Moreover, changes of BAT size and UCP1 content suggest that BAT may be the main cause responsible for sex differences in the response of energy balance to caloric restriction. In conclusion, our results indicate that females under caloric restriction conditions deactivate facultative thermogenesis to a greater degree than males. This ability may have obvious advantages for female survival and therefore the survival of the species when food is limiting.

scholarly journals Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. R1425-R1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan van Dijk ◽  
Randy J. Seeley ◽  
Todd E. Thiele ◽  
Mark I. Friedman ◽  
Hong Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Fatty Acids ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate whether brain leptin involves neuropeptidergic pathways influencing ingestion, metabolism, and gastrointestinal functioning, leptin (3.5 μg) was infused daily into the third cerebral ventricular of rats for 3 days. To distinguish between direct leptin effects and those secondary to leptin-induced anorexia, we studied vehicle-infused rats with food available ad libitum and those that were pair-fed to leptin-treated animals. Although body weight was comparably reduced (−8%) and plasma glycerol was comparably increased (142 and 17%, respectively) in leptin-treated and pair-fed animals relative to controls, increases in plasma fatty acids and ketones were only detected (132 and 234%, respectively) in pair-fed rats. Resting energy expenditure (−15%) and gastrointestinal fill (−50%) were reduced by pair-feeding relative to the ad libitum group, but they were not reduced by leptin treatment. Relative to controls, leptin increased hypothalamic mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 61%) and for proopiomelanocortin (POMC; 31%) but did not reduce mRNA for neuropeptide Y. These results suggest that CNS leptin prevents metabolic/gastrointestinal responses to caloric restriction by activating hypothalamic CRH- and POMC-containing pathways and raise the possibility that these peripheral responses to CNS leptin administration contribute to leptin’s anorexigenic action.

scholarly journals Effects of pair-feeding and growth hormone treatment on obese transgenic rats

2002 ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Furuhata ◽  
K Hirabayashi ◽  
T Yonezawa ◽  
M Takahashi ◽  
M Nishihara
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Transgenic Rats ◽  
Serum Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Accumulation

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that GH-deficient subjects tend to have fat accumulation. We have produced human GH (hGH) transgenic rats that exhibit low circulating hGH levels and hyperphagia. These rats are also characterized by severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted in order to elucidate how excess caloric intake and impaired GH secretion account for fat accumulation and metabolic abnormalities in the transgenic rats. DESIGN AND METHODS: The transgenic rats were subjected to either pair-feeding with non-transgenic controls or hGH treatment from 4 to 12 weeks of age, and the effects on fat accumulation and some metabolic parameters were assessed. RESULTS: At the age of 12 weeks, body weight and food intake were greater in transgenic than in control rats by 10% and 27% respectively. The ratio of epididymal white adipose tissue weight to body weight (WAT/BW) was more than three times greater in transgenic than in control rats. Although pair-feeding for 8 weeks decreased body weight, it did not affect the WAT/BW ratio. Treatment with hGH affected neither body weight nor food intake, while it reduced the WAT/BW ratio by 30%. Serum concentrations of triglyceride, free fatty acid, insulin and leptin were all significantly higher in the transgenic than in the control rats. Pair-feeding decreased serum triglyceride, insulin and leptin levels, but not serum free fatty acid levels. On the other hand, hGH treatment decreased only serum leptin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that severe fat accumulation in the transgenic rats mainly resulted from the decreased lipolytic action of GH, while metabolic abnormalities mainly resulted from excess caloric intake.

Effect of feeding different sources of fat during gestation and lactation on reproduction of beef cows and calf performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Petit ◽  
R. Berthiaume
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Experiment 1: Over a 2-yr period, a total of 231 Angus crossbred cows were assigned randomly to one of three gestation diets to evaluate the effects of fat sources on birth weight, weaning weight and average daily gain of calves, calf condition at birth, calf mortality, body weight of cows, gestation length, calving percentage, and the percentages of retained placenta and dystocia. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic supplements were based on whole flaxseed (FLA), calcium salts of palm oil (Megalac®, MEG) or no fat (CON). All cows were fed grass silage (90% of ad libitum intake) until 1 mo before calving. Cows were then fed grass silage for ad libitum intake until they were put on pasture. Cows were offered 600 g of supplement per head per day starting 43 d before the first calving for a period averaging 78 d. Diet had no effect on body weight (BW) of cows at calving. Birth weights of calves were similar among treatments. However, calf mortality percentage at birth was almost four times higher (P = 0.03) for cows fed CON compared with those fed FLA and MEG. More than 90% of cows rejected placenta within 12 h of calving and treatment had no effect. Cows fed FLA and CON tended (P ≤ 0.10) to have higher cumulative pregnancy rates (92.9 and 91.9%, respectively) than those fed MEG (76.7%). Experiment 2: From 2000 Jan. 19 to 2000 Sep. 05, 41 heifers received 600 g per head per day of one of the three supplements used in exp. 1 to determine the effect of fat supplementation during pregnancy and breeding. Diet had no effect on calf birth weight, but contrasts indicated that heifers fed MEG tended (P = 0.09) to have a lower pregnancy rate than those fed CON. These data suggest that cows and heifers fed grass silage and/or on pasture would not be deficient in omega 3 fatty acids, thus would not benefit from a supplement rich in omega 3 fatty acids such as flaxseed. However, fat supplementation contributed to lower calf mortality at birth in cows, but not in heifers. Key words: Beef, flaxseed, reproduction, fatty acids

scholarly journals Identification of Adipocyte Genes Regulated by Caloric Intake

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 5973-5973
Author(s):  
Niclas Franck ◽  
Anders Gummesson ◽  
Margareta Jernås ◽  
Camilla Glad ◽  
Per-Arne Svensson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Obese Subjects

Context: Changes in energy intake have marked and rapid effects on metabolic functions, and some of these effects may be due to changes in adipocyte gene expression that precede alterations in body weight. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify adipocyte genes regulated by changes in caloric intake independent of alterations in body weight. Research Design and Methods: Obese subjects given a very low-caloric diet followed by gradual reintroduction of ordinary food and healthy subjects subjected to overfeeding were investigated. Adipose tissue biopsies were taken at multiple time-points, and gene expression was measured by DNA microarray. Genes regulated in the obese subjects undergoing caloric restriction followed by refeeding were identified using two-way ANOVA corrected with Bonferroni. From these, genes regulated by caloric restriction and oppositely during the weight-stable refeeding phase were identified in the obese subjects. The genes that were also regulated, in the same direction as the refeeding phase, in the healthy subjects after overfeeding were defined as being regulated by caloric intake. Results were confirmed using real-time PCR or immunoassay. Results: Using a significance level of P < 0.05 for all comparisons, 52 genes were down-regulated, and 50 were up-regulated by caloric restriction and regulated in the opposite direction by refeeding and overfeeding. Among these were genes involved in lipogenesis (ACLY, ACACA, FASN, SCD), control of protein synthesis (4EBP1, 4EBP2), β-oxidation (CPT1B), and insulin resistance (PEDF, SPARC). Conclusions: Metabolic genes involved in lipogenesis, protein synthesis, and insulin resistance are central in the transcriptional response of adipocytes to changes in caloric intake.

Suppression of food intake, body weight, and body fat by jejunal fatty acid infusions

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. R604-R610 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Cox ◽  
William J. Tyler ◽  
Alan Randich ◽  
Gary R. Kelm ◽  
Satinder S. Bharaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Ad Libitum

Three experiments investigated effects of jejunal lipid infusions given on 4 or 21 consecutive days in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. In experiment 1, 7-h infusions of linoleic or oleic acid (0.2 ml/h for 7 h; total load = 11.5 kcal) on 4 consecutive days reduced total intake (ad libitum consumption of the liquid diet Boost, Mead Johnson, plus load) by ∼15% and decreased weight gain compared with 4-day tests with saline administration. In experiment 2, linoleic acid at 0.1 ml/h for 7 h (5.7 kcal) was ineffective, whereas the same load delivered in 3.5 h produced effects similar in magnitude to those in the first experiment. In experiment 3, jejunal infusions of linoleic acid (0.2 ml/h for 7 h) on 21 consecutive days reduced mean total intake by 16%, body weight by 10%, and carcass fat by 48% compared with controls receiving saline. The net decrease in caloric intake may reflect the combined activation of pre- and postabsorptive mechanisms, and it suggests a possible treatment for obesity.

scholarly journals Carcass characteristics of Canindé goats subjected to feed restriction

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia Batista Bezerra ◽  
Severino Gonzaga Neto ◽  
Ariosvaldo Nunes de Medeiros ◽  
Francisco Fernando Ramos de Carvalho ◽  
Safira Valença Bispo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Chest Circumference ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on the carcass characteristics of castrated Canindé goat kids. A randomized block design was used, in which 21 goat kids with a body weight (BW) of 15.9±1.0kg were allocated to three levels of feed restriction: ad libitum, 20% and 40% restriction related to the ad libitum intake. The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. All animals were slaughtered when the kids fed ad libitum reached a BW of 25kg. After slaughter, the carcasses were chilled for 24 hours and subsequently measured. Kids fed ad libitum and subjected to 20% feed restriction showed similar morphometric carcass measurements, except for the chest circumference. Goat kids fed ad libitum exhibited greater values for warm and cold carcass yields compared with those subjected to 40% feed restriction and did not differ from the kids under 20% feed restriction. Weights of the commercial cuts showed decreasing mean values according to the intensity of feed restriction. Castrated Canindé goat kids subjected to 20% feed restriction presented similar carcass yields and proportion of commercial cuts to those fed ad libitum.

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