scholarly journals Fructose- and glucose-conditioned preferences in FVB mice: strain differences in post-oral sugar appetition

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (12) ◽  
pp. R1448-R1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Steven Zukerman ◽  
Karen Ackroff
Keyword(s):  
Strain Differences ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Preference Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Flavor

Recent studies indicate that, unlike glucose, fructose has little or no post-oral preference conditioning actions in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. The present study determined whether this is also the case for FVB mice, which overconsume fructose relative to B6 mice. In experiment 1, FVB mice strongly preferred a noncaloric 0.1% sucralose + 0.1% saccharin (S+S) solution to 8% fructose in a 2-day choice test but switched their preference to fructose after separate experience with the two sweeteners. Other FVB mice displayed a stronger preference for 8% glucose over S+S. In a second experiment, ad libitum-fed FVB mice trained 24 h/day acquired a significant preference for a flavor (CS+) paired with intragastric (IG) self-infusions of 16% fructose over a different flavor (CS−) paired with IG water infusions. IG fructose infusions also conditioned flavor preferences in food-restricted FVB mice trained 1 h/day. IG infusions of 16% glucose conditioned stronger preferences in FVB mice trained 24- or 1 h/day. Thus, fructose has post-oral flavor conditioning effects in FVB mice, but these effects are less pronounced than those produced by glucose. Further studies of the differential post-oral conditioning effects of fructose and glucose in B6 and FVB mice should enhance our understanding of the physiological processes involved in sugar reward.

scholarly journals Pollen Source Affects Development and Behavioral Preferences in Honey Bees

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Jun Lan ◽  
Guiling Ding ◽  
Weihua Ma ◽  
Yusuo Jiang ◽  
Jiaxing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Behavioral Preferences ◽  
Foraging Preference ◽  
Pollen Consumption

With the availability of various plants in bloom simultaneously, honey bees prefer to collect some pollen types over others. To better understand pollen’s role as a reward for workers, we compared the digestibility and nutritional value of two pollen diets, namely, pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) and apricot (Armeniaca sibirica L.). We investigated the visits, pollen consumption, and pollen extraction efficiency of caged Apis mellifera workers. Newly emerged workers were reared, and the effects of two pollen diets on their physiological status (the development of hypopharyngeal glands and ovaries) were compared. The choice-test experiments indicated a significant preference of A. mellifera workers for apricot pollen diets over pear pollen diets (number of bees landing, 29.5 ± 8.11 and 9.25 ± 5.10, p < 0.001 and pollen consumption, 0.052 ± 0.026 g/day and 0.033 ± 0.013 g/day, p < 0.05). Both pollen diets had comparable extraction efficiencies (67.63% for pear pollen and 67.73% for apricot pollen). Caged workers fed different pollen diets also exhibited similar ovarian development (p > 0.05). However, workers fed apricot pollen had significantly larger hypopharyngeal glands than those fed pear pollen (p < 0.001). Our results indicated that the benefits conferred to honey bees by different pollen diets may influence their foraging preference.

Intragastric glucose but not fructose conditions robust flavor preferences in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. R320-R325 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sclafani ◽  
C. Cardieri ◽  
K. Tucker ◽  
D. Blusk ◽  
K. Ackroff
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Stimulus ◽  
Flavor Preference ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Flavored Water ◽  
Subsequent Choice ◽  
Food Conditioning ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reinforcing Effects

Prior work indicates that glucose and fructose differ in their postingestive reinforcing effects. The present study investigated this phenomenon by training rats to associate the intake of flavored water with intragastric (IG) infusions of 16% sugar solutions. In experiment 1, rats had one flavor [conditional stimulus (CS)] paired with IG sugar infusions (CS+; e.g., cherry) and another flavor paired with IG water (CS-; e.g., grape) 23 h/day; Chow was available ad libitum. In subsequent choice tests, rats infused with glucose displayed a strong preference (89%) for the CS+ flavor, whereas rats infused with fructose showed only a small and nonreliable CS+ flavor preference (62%). When next trained to associate one flavor (e.g., orange) with IG glucose and another flavor (e.g., strawberry) with IG fructose, rats in both groups developed a significant preference (81%) for the glucose-paired flavor. In experiment 2, food-deprived rats were trained 2 h/day to associate a CS+ flavor with IG sugar and a CS- flavor with IG water infusions. The glucose-reinforced rats displayed a near-total preference (95%) for the CS+ flavor, whereas fructose-reinforced rats showed a much smaller CS+ preference (67%). The preference findings indicate that the postingestive consequences of glucose are much more reinforcing than those of fructose. It appears that food conditioning is mediated by chemospecific actions of nutrients rather than their general satiating or energy repleting effects.

scholarly journals Effects of periconceptional undernutrition on maternal taurine concentrations in sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Thorstensen ◽  
José G. B. Derraik ◽  
Mark H. Oliver ◽  
Anne L. Jaquiery ◽  
Frank H. Bloomfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Ad Libitum

Taurine has an important role in numerous physiological processes, including many aspects of fetal development such as development of the pancreas and brain, and requirements increase during pregnancy. Periconceptional undernutrition has long-term effects on pancreas and brain function of the offspring, but the effects on maternal taurine economy are unknown. We, therefore, studied the effects of different periods of periconceptional undernutrition on maternal plasma and urine taurine concentrations before and during pregnancy. Four groups of singleton-bearing ewes were studied (n10–11): controls fedad libitum, and groups undernourished from 60 d before until mating (PreC), from 2 d before mating until 30 d after mating (PostC) or from 60 d before until 30 d after mating (Pre+PostC). In PreC ewes, plasma taurine concentrations remained at control levels for the first 30 d, and then decreased through the remainder of undernutrition, but recovered by 30 d after mating; urinary taurine excretion was low at mating, but recovered similarly. In PostC ewes, plasma taurine concentrations recovered after 2 weeks despite ongoing undernutrition; urinary taurine excretion had recovered by 30 d after mating. Pre+PostC ewes followed the same pattern as PreC for the first 60 d, but plasma taurine concentrations and urinary excretion recovered slowly, and did not reach the control levels until 97 d. These data suggest that different periods of mild periconceptional undernutrition in sheep have different but substantial effects on maternal taurine homoeostasis. These effects may be one mechanism by which maternal periconceptional undernutrition alters development of the offspring with implications for adult health.

Robust conditioned flavor preference produced by intragastric starch infusions in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. R672-R675 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sclafani ◽  
J. W. Nissenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Test ◽  
Flavor Preference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Flavored Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Conditioned Flavor

Rats were intragastrically infused with hydrolyzed starch (16% Polycose) or water as they drank cherry- or grape-flavored water during 23-h/day tests; chow was available ad libitum. After 4 conditioning days the rats displayed a near-total preference (96%) for the starch-paired flavor over the water-paired flavor in two-choice tests. This conditioned flavor preference persisted during a 4-day extinction test when both flavors were paired with water infusions. The results demonstrate that the postingestive actions of starch are rewarding to nondeprived rats and can condition strong and long-lasting flavor preferences.

Relationships between egg size, body weight and pelvic dimensions in turkeys

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Species Relationship ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractFemales of four strains of commercial turkeys, including one large strain with a characteristically high rate of oviducal prolapse, were given food either ad libitum or controlled to reach proportionately 0·8 or 0·6 of the body weight of birds fed ad libitum at 24 weeks of age. Two pens of five turkeys from each treatment were photostimulated at 24 and 30 weeks of age. Each turkey was autopsied after it had laid its first egg. The relationships between egg weight and body weight, and between the weight of abdominal fat, diameter of the vent and distance between the pubic bones and egg weight were studied by regression analysis. Egg weight was a function of body weight raised to the power 0·29 which was significantly different from the allometric relationship for Galliform species of 0·64. There was no evidence that differences existed in the quantity of abdominal fat which could impede oviposition and contribute to oviducal prolapse. There were strain differences in the diameter of the vent and distance between the pubic bones in relation to egg weight but the smallest and largest strains were similar. It was concluded that artificial selection had changed the species relationship between egg weight and body mass and that the susceptibility to oviducal prolapse in sire line turkeys was probably physiological in origin.

scholarly journals Gut T1R3 sweet taste receptors do not mediate sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. R1643-R1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Damien S. Glass ◽  
Robert F. Margolskee ◽  
John I. Glendinning
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors ◽  
Conditioned Flavor ◽  
Measured Preference

Most mammals prefer the sweet taste of sugars, which is mediated by the heterodimeric T1R2+T1R3 taste receptor. Sugar appetite is also enhanced by the post-oral reinforcing actions of the nutrient in the gut. Here, we examined the contribution of gut T1R3 (either alone or as part of the T1R3+T1R3 receptor) to post-oral sugar reinforcement using a flavor-conditioning paradigm. We trained mice to associate consumption of a flavored solution (CS+) with intragastric (IG) infusions of a sweetener, and a different flavored solution (CS-) with IG infusions of water (23 h/day); then, we measured preference in a CS+ vs. CS- choice test. In experiment 1, we predicted that if activation of gut T1R3 mediates sugar reinforcement, then IG infusions of a nutritive (sucrose) or nonnutritive (sucralose) ligand for this receptor should condition a preference for the CS+ in B6 wild-type (WT) mice. While the mice that received IG sucrose infusions developed a strong preference for the CS+, those that received IG sucralose infusions developed a weak avoidance of the CS+. In experiment 2, we used T1R3 knockout (KO) mice to examine the necessity of gut T1R2+T1R3 receptors for conditioned flavor preferences. If intact gut T1R3 (or T1R2+T1R3) receptors are necessary for flavor-sugar conditioning, then T1R3 KO mice should not develop a sugar-conditioned flavor preference. We found that T1R3 KO mice, like WT mice, acquired a strong preference for the CS+ paired with IG sucrose infusions. The KO mice were also like WT mice in avoiding a CS+ flavor paired with IG sucralose infusions These findings provide clear evidence that gut T1R3 receptors are not necessary for sugar-conditioned flavor preferences or sucralose-induced flavor avoidance in mice.

scholarly journals Strain differences in sucrose- and fructose-conditioned flavor preferences in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Pinhas ◽  
Michael Aviel ◽  
Michael Koen ◽  
Simon Gurgov ◽  
Vanessa Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Differences ◽  
Conditioned Flavor

INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION OF PIGLETS BY SOWS IN THE EARLY POST-PARTUM PERIOD

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Špinka ◽  
Jitka Maletínská ◽  
Jitka Víchová ◽  
Ilona Stěhulová
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
T Test ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Preference Tests

AbstractWe investigated whether domestic sow discriminates one day old piglets based on their individual odours or based on some odour common to the whole litter. We manipulated the contacts between sow and piglets during the first 24 h post partum in such a way that produced 4 types of piglets, as combinations of two factors: relatedness and familiarity. We used ten pairs of sows individually housed in farrowing pens in which parturitions were induced on the same day. When the manipulations were finished, each sow was subjected to two testing situations. First it was a 5 min choice test in which the sow could show her preference for the 4 types of anaesthetized (immobile and mute) piglets: Own Familiar, Own Unfamiliar, Alien Familiar and Alien Unfamiliar. Second the sow was subjected to three 2.5 min preference tests with the following combinations of dyads of awake piglets: Own Familiar vs Alien Unfamiliar; Own Familiar vs Own Unfamiliar; Alien Unfamiliar vs Alien Familiar. We recorded the frequency and duration of visits and the grunting rate of sow with respect to each piglet type, in the test with awake piglets we also recorded piglets' vocalisation and movement. In the test with anaesthetized piglets we found a significant effect of piglet type on the duration of visits (F (3,16) = 3.94, p = 0.014). The significant difference between Own Unfamiliar and Own Familiar piglets indicates that sows use the individual odours of piglets to discriminate between own and alien ones. The number of visits to individual piglets was also affected by piglet type (F (3,16) = 2.71, p = 0.055), with sows visiting Own Familiar piglets significantly more often than Alien Unfamiliar ones. In none of the three preference tests with awake piglets did the sows show significant preference for a specific type of piglet. However the sows' visits in the piglets was affected by the piglets' activity. In periods when both the piglets were moving the sow spent a greater proportion of time by visiting them (Students t-test, N = 11, mean = 0.12, p = 0.0014) then during periods when only one or none of the piglets was moving. Sows also spent a greater proportion of time visiting the piglets when they were vocalising (Students t-test, N = 11, mean = 0.129, p = 0.019) than when they were not. The study shows that early recognition of piglets by sows is probably mediated by the individual odour of each piglet and that kinetic and acoustic cues augment the motivation to reunite with the piglets and this may then override the willingness to discriminate among them.

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