Separation of hepatic and gastrointestinal signals from the common “hepatic” branch of the vagus

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. R120-R126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Horn ◽  
Mark I. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Hepatic Hilus ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hepatic Branch

Anatomic studies show that the common hepatic branch (CHB) of the vagus contains afferent fibers that innervate sites outside the hepatoportal region, primarily in the gastrointestinal tract. In the current experiments on the anesthetized rat, the source of signals from the CHB was determined by recording CHB neurophysiological responses before and after transection of the gastroduodenal branch (GDB) of the CHB. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and CCK-8 were used as probes to stimulate the CHB. Most of the CHB afferent fibers were 5-HT sensitive (56%), and 35% of these were also sensitive to CCK-8. Portal vein vs. jugular vein infusion of 5-HT and CCK-8 and GDB transection showed that 5-HT- and CCK-sensitive fibers innervate the hepatoportal region and areas outside the hepatic hilus (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract). Suppression of basal nerve activity by a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (Y-25130) suggests that ∼50% of CHB afferent fibers contain 5-HT3 receptors, but none of these fibers appears to be in the hepatoportal region because only in rats with an intact GDB did Y-25130 reduce nerve activity. In summary, these data are in close agreement with anatomic observations on the distribution of the CHB fibers and indicate that neurophysiological studies of the CHB must be carefully evaluated given the prominent role of nonhepatoportal afferent signals recorded from the CHB.

scholarly journals Patient and Therapist In-Session Cortisol as Predictor of Post-Session Patient Reported Affect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1483
Author(s):  
Eyal Levi ◽  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
Hadar Fisher ◽  
Roee Admon ◽  
Sigal Zilcha-Mano
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
The Social ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The importance of the role of affect in psychotherapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) is well established, but the common use of self-reported measures may limit our understanding of its underlying mechanisms. A promising predictor of patient affect is the stress hormone cortisol. To date, no studies have studied in-session changes in cortisol in psychotherapy for MDD. We investigated whether an increase in patient cortisol over the course of a session correlated with higher negative and lower positive affect. Given previous findings on healthy individuals on the contagious nature of stress, an additional aim was to examine whether these relationships are moderated by therapist cortisol. To this end, 40 dyads (including 6 therapists) provided saliva samples before and after four pre-specified sessions (616 samples). After each session, the patients provided retrospective reports of in-session affect. We found no association between patient cortisol and affect. However, increases in patient cortisol predicted negative affect when the therapists exhibited decreases in cortisol, and increases in patient cortisol predicted positive affect when the therapists showed increases. Our study provides initial evidence for the importance of the social context in the cortisol–affect relationship in MDD.

scholarly journals The common hepatic branch of the vagus is not required to mediate the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of glucagon-like-peptide-1

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. R1479-R1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Hayes ◽  
Scott E. Kanoski ◽  
Bart C. De Jonghe ◽  
Theresa M. Leichner ◽  
Amber L. Alhadeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Vagal Afferent ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hepatic Branch

The incretin and food intake suppressive effects of intraperitoneally administered glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) involve activation of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) expressed on vagal afferent fiber terminals. Central nervous system processing of GLP-1R-driven vagal afferents results in satiation signaling and enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic-projecting vagal efferents. As the vast majority of endogenous GLP-1 is released from intestinal l-cells following ingestion, it stands to reason that paracrine GLP-1 signaling, activating adjacent GLP-1R expressed on vagal afferent fibers of gastrointestinal origin, contributes to glycemic and food intake control. However, systemic GLP-1R-mediated control of glycemia is currently attributed to endocrine action involving GLP-1R expressed in the hepatoportal bed on terminals of the common hepatic branch of the vagus (CHB). Here, we examine the hypothesis that activation of GLP-1R expressed on the CHB is not required for GLP-1's glycemic and intake suppressive effects, but rather paracrine signaling on non-CHB vagal afferents is required to mediate GLP-1's effects. Selective CHB ablation (CHBX), complete subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA), and surgical control rats received an oral glucose tolerance test (2.0 g glucose/kg) 10 min after an intraperitoneal injection of the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin-(9–39) (Ex-9; 0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle. CHBX and control rats showed comparable increases in blood glucose following blockade of GLP-1R by Ex-9, whereas SDA rats failed to show a GLP-1R-mediated incretin response. Furthermore, GLP-1(7–36) (0.5 mg/kg ip) produced a comparable suppression of 1-h 25% glucose intake in both CHBX and control rats, whereas intake suppression in SDA rats was blunted. These findings support the hypothesis that systemic GLP-1R mediation of glycemic control and food intake suppression involves paracrine-like signaling on GLP-1R expressed on vagal afferent fibers of gastrointestinal origin but does not require the CHB.

Cardiac but not pulmonary receptors mediate depressor response to IV phenyl biguanide in conscious rabbits

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. R1050-R1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Bell ◽  
K. P. O'Hagan ◽  
P. S. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Conscious Rabbits ◽  
Cardiac Receptors

Phenyl biguanide (PBG) stimulates pulmonary and cardiac receptors in the cat and rabbit. Previous reports have suggested that pulmonary receptors mediate the reflex respiratory responses and cardiac receptors mediate the reflex hypotension and bradycardia. Using selective denervation of the lung (LDX) and intrapericardial procaine to block cardiac nerves (CDX), we investigated the specific role of pulmonary and cardiac receptors in the reflex response to PBG infusion (60 micrograms/kg iv) in the conscious rabbit. Breathing frequency, arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded before and after LDX and CDX. Before LDX and CDX, PBG infusion produced tachypnea, hypotension, and bradycardia. This was accompanied by a withdrawal of RSNA to a level not different from that evoked by ganglionic blockade. These responses were preserved after LDX but were abolished after CDX with intrapericardial procaine. Intrapericardial infusion of PBG produced no response. These results indicate that in conscious rabbits both the respiratory and cardiovascular responses to PBG infusion are mediated by cardiac receptors not accessible from the epicardial surface. Furthermore, the reflex hypotension is mediated largely by withdrawal of sympathetic nerve activity resulting in a decreased peripheral resistance.

The Effectiveness of Hot Bead Sterilization in Maintaining Sterile Surgical Instrument Tips Across Sequential Mouse Surgeries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A Holdridge ◽  
Madison S Nichols ◽  
William D Dupont ◽  
Carissa P Jones ◽  
Katherine A Shuster
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Surgical Instrument ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In Series ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
The Common

One strategy commonly employed for rodent surgeries is a “tips-only” surgical technique, which restricts the surgeon to using only the sterile working ends of the surgical instruments to manipulate the surgical field and sterilizes instrument tipswith a hot bead sterilizer between consecutive rodents. Despite the common use of the “tips-only” technique, research is lacking on the number of sequential surgeries for which the same set of hot bead-sterilized instruments can be used before introducing bacterial contamination. We performed serial mouse surgeries using the “tips-only” technique under 3 different conditions (aseptic, fur contamination, or cecal contamination) and assessed aerobic bacterial growth before and after each round of hot bead sterilization. Instrument tips showed an increasing probability of contamination of at least one instrument in a series of consecutive surgeries. The probability that all surgical instrument tips in the series were sterile after hotbead sterilization fell by 4% for each surgery involving inadvertent or fur contamination and by 11.5% for each surgery with contamination for all surgical types combined (including entering the gastrointestinal tract). Based on our results, hot bead sterilization is not adequate for surgeries associated with gross contamination. Under our experimental conditions and assuming independence of outcomes between consecutive surgeries, up to 5 surgeries associated with minor or inadvertent contamination could be performed in series with a probability higher than 80% that all instrument tips were sterile for allsurgeries. A case-by-case risk assessment should be conducted to derive institutional guidelines for the maximal number ofsurgeries that can be performed in sequence using the “tips-only” technique with hot bead sterilization of the same set ofsurgical instruments between surgeries. Full sterilization of instruments after every surgery provides the greatest confidencein maintaining sterility.

scholarly journals Modernising the agricultural sector and stabilising the agricultural markets in budgetary expenditures in Poland in the years 1997-2011

Management ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-322
Author(s):  
Andrzej Czyżewski ◽  
Anna Matuszczak
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Markets ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Budgetary Expenditure

Abstract Modernising the agricultural sector and stabilising the agricultural markets in budgetary expenditures in Poland in the years 1997-2011 The purpose of the article was to evaluate the budgetary expenditure related to the modernization of the agricultural sector and stabilization of agricultural markets, which are implemented in the framework of the common agricultural policy by two paying agencies. Research related to changes in share of spending on activities of the Agricultural Market Agency (AMA) and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA) in total budget expenditure in the long run, ie in the years 1996-2011 (16 years) with honors from the period before and after accession to the EU. It shows the relationship between ongoing spending from the national budget for the institutions, and the total budgetary expenditure and the funds allocated to the agricultural sector (agriculture, rural development and agricultural markets), which show that a substantial increase in the role of the paying agencies in the post-accession period.

scholarly journals TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF AYURVEDA FORMULATIONS TO MANAGE THE SWITRA (VITILIGO)- A CASE REPORT

AYUSHDHARA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 2705-2710
Author(s):  
Jitendra Varsakiya ◽  
Alisha ◽  
Divyarani Kathad
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
The Common

The beauty and attraction of individual depends upon skin health including physical and psychological health. Switra is the common depigmentation disorder described among the varieties of Kustha (Integumentary diseases) in Ayurvedic classics. Switra is correlated with Vitiligo to certain extent in contemporary system of medicine. Vitiligo is a common disorder of unknown aetiology even today. It is an acquired condition in which circumscribed de-pigmented patches develops. Hence, the present clinical trial was planned to assess the role of treatment through Ayurveda in the case of Switra (Vitiligo). A case of 26 years old male came to CBPACS, Kayachikitsa special OPD with complaint of white patches in body (Scalp, abdomen, face, back region) neither scaling nor itching since 1 year. Examination, investigations and history leads to diagnosis of Switra. Patient was treated with internal administration of Arogyavardhini Vati, Mahamanjisthadi Kwath with Triphala Churna and local application of Jatyadi Taila mixed with Bakuchi Churna along with Pathyapathya. The effect of the therapy was assessed by the signs and symptoms before and after the treatment. The treatment modalities done showed marked improvement in the patient signs and symptoms and hence, treatment through Ayurveda has effective results in the management of Switra (Vitiligo).

Bond Auctions

2019 ◽  
pp. 547-566
Author(s):  
Mark Wu ◽  
Patrick Herb ◽  
Shishir Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Market Manipulation ◽  
Treasury Auctions ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Common Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common

Each week, billions of dollars (or local currency) of government debt securities are sold in auctions to market participants. Central governments want to use the auction mechanism that minimizes both borrowing costs and chances of market manipulation. A liquid secondary market is also pivotal to the success of the auctions. This chapter begins by providing the definitions, mechanism design, bidding process, and method ranking of government debt auctions with a focus on U.S. Treasury auctions. The next section discusses some important issues including the common value assumption, role of private information, and winner’s curse. Large and active markets coexist before and after the auctions, creating possibilities of a short squeeze. When comparing prices in the pre- or post-auction markets with auction prices, the literature documents positive bidder profits (underpricing) on average.

1245: Role of C-Afferent Fibers and Monitoring of Intra Vesical Resiniferatoxin Therapy for Patients with Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 328-328
Author(s):  
Teruhiko Yokoyama ◽  
Kunihiro Nozaki ◽  
Osamu Fujita ◽  
Miyabi Inoue ◽  
Hiromi Kumon
Keyword(s):  
Detrusor Overactivity ◽  
Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity ◽  
Afferent Fibers

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

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