Baroreceptors, baroreceptor unloading, and the long-term control of blood pressure

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (4) ◽  
pp. R819-R827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry N. Thrasher
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Pulsatile Pressure ◽  
Compliance Map ◽  
The Relationship

Whether arterial baroreceptors play a role in setting the long-term level of mean arterial pressure (MAP) has been debated for more than 75 years. Because baroreceptor input is reciprocally related to efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), it is obvious that baroreceptor unloading would cause an increase in MAP. Experimental proof of concept is evident acutely after baroreceptor denervation. Chronically, however, baroreceptor denervation is associated with highly variable changes in MAP but not sustained hypertension. The ability of baroreceptors to buffer imposed increases in MAP appears limited by a process termed “resetting,” in which the threshold to fire shifts in the direction of the pressure change and if the pressure elevation is maintained, it leads to a rightward shift in the relationship between baroreceptor firing and MAP. The most common hypothesis linking baroreceptors to changes in MAP proposes that reduced vascular distensibility in baroreceptive areas would cause reduced firing at the same pulsatile pressure and, thus, reflexively increase SNA. This review focuses on effects of baroreceptor denervation in the regulation of MAP in human subjects compared with animal studies; the relationship between vascular compliance, MAP, and baroreceptor resetting; and, finally, the effect of chronic baroreceptor unloading on the regulation of MAP.

MERGE OF THE TECHNİCAL ANALYSİS TYPES GİVES THE BEST RESULTS İN CRYPTOCURRENCY MARKET

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
MUSTAFA ÖZYEŞİL ◽  
MOHAMMAD AL-TARIFI
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Market Capitalization ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Tangible Asset ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peer To Peer Network

Cryptocurrencies are a modern kind of financial instrument (Hudson & Urquhart, 2019), the first cryptocurrency is Bitcoin , proposed by who called Satoushi Nakamato (2008), as The open source was created on the proof-of-concept principle that transactions can be securely treated on a decentralized peer to peer network without the need for a central clearinghouse, which appeared 2009 ( Heid, 2013). The success of the bitcoin blazes a trail to what called ‘Altcoin” this expression means all the cryptocurrencies that set in motion after the victory of the bitcoin, these coins sell themselves as the best alternatives for the bitcoin (FRANKENFIELD, 2020) . There are many types for the altcoin. The third type of the cryptocurrency is called Tokens Unlike Bitcoin and Altcoins, tokens are not able to activate independently and are dependent on the grid of another cryptocurrency. That means they do not have their own core DLT or blockchain, but instead, are built on top of an existing cryptocurrency’s blockchain (Types of cryptocurrencies: explaining the major types of cryptos, 2019). The worth of bitcoin doesn’t depend on any tangible asset or economies of the countries while it is based upon the security of an algorithm which traces all transactions (Hudson & Urquhart, 2019). The studies determine the number of the bitcoin price development in the long -run (Ciaian, Rajcaniova, & Kancs, 2018): • Market forces of the Bitcoin supply and demand • The bitcoin’s attractiveness for the investors • The influence of global macro-financial developments If you're forming an investment strategy designed to help you trail long-term financial intentions, understanding the relationship between company size, return potential, and risk is vital. (Market cap—or market capitalization—refers to the total value of all a company's shares of stock, 2017) .Hence , Manifested importance a cryptocurrency’s market capitalization as the total values of all coins currently in circulation. the cryptocurrency’s market cap contains what’s called Bitcoin Dominance that is the ratio between the market cap of bitcoin to other coins of the cryptocurrency markets (jacobcanfield, 2019) . Cryptocurrency trade is attractive type of investment. this market treated the same of the foreign exchange and stock market ( Radityo, Munajat, & Budi, 2017). The investors using the same basic in investment (buy low, sell high) but they need to calculating the risks

Role of macronutrient intake in the epigenetics of obesity

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyadarshni Patel ◽  
Jeganathan Ramesh Babu ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
Thangiah Geetha
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
Obesity Genes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

Obesity is caused by a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. Despite extensive study, contemporary through diet, exercise, education, surgery, and pharmacological treatments, no effective long-term solution has been found to this epidemic. Over the last decade, there has been a tremendous advancement in understanding the science of epigenetics, as well as a rise in public interest in learning more about the influence of diet and lifestyle choices on the health of an individual. Without affecting the underlying DNA sequence, epigenetic alterations impact gene expression. Previous animal studies have shown a link between the type of diet and expression or suppression of obesity genes, but there are very few human studies that demonstrate the relationship between dietary intake and obesity gene expression. This review highlights the effects of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein intake from the diet on obesity-related genes.

scholarly journals Ozone: A Review of Recent Experimental, Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence, with Notes on Causation—Part 1

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V Bates
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
And Function ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Part 1 of this review is concerned with theoretical issues of ozone dosimetry, animal and cellular studies that illustrate the mechanism of action of ozone on living tissues, and with clinical studies. Animal studies have indicated that there are long term effects from low level long term ozone exposure. Clinical studies involve controlled ozone exposures on human subjects, both normals and asthmatics. Exercise concomitant with the ozone exposure increases the effect of the gas. It is concluded that the induction of an inflammatory response in the airway, both in the nose and in the lung, is the striking and earliest feature of ozone exposure. Current unexplained observations include: the dissociation between the inflammatory and function test response; the mechanisms of ‘adaptation’ and of airway hyperresponsiveness; and the phenomena that underlie the effect of ozone on maximal athletic performance.

Computer-Aided Technique for Automatic Determination of the Relationship between Transglottal Pressure Change and Voice Fundamental Frequency

2008 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 876-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Deguchi ◽  
Kazutaka Kawashima ◽  
Seiichi Washio
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Automatic Determination ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Voice

Objectives: The effect of artificially altered transglottal pressures on the voice fundamental frequency (F0) is known to be associated with vocal fold stiffness. Its measurement, though useful as a potential diagnostic tool for noncontact assessment of vocal fold stiffness, often requires manual and painstaking determination of an unstable F0 of voice. Here, we provide a computer-aided technique that enables one to carry out the determination easily and accurately. Methods: Human subjects vocalized in accordance with a series of reference sounds from a speaker controlled by a computer. Transglottal pressures were altered by means of a valve embedded in a mouthpiece. Time-varying vocal F0 was extracted, without manual procedures, from a specific range of the voice spectrum determined on the basis of the controlled reference sounds. Results: The validity of the proposed technique was assessed for 11 healthy subjects. Fluctuating voice F0 was tracked automatically during experiments, providing the relationship between transglottal pressure change and F0 on the computer. Conclusions: The proposed technique overcomes the difficulty in automatic determination of the voice F0, which tends to be transient both in normal voice and in some types of pathological voice.

scholarly journals First-in-man feasibility study of a novel ingestible magnetically inflated balloon capsule for treatment of obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (05) ◽  
pp. E607-E610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Leng Kaan ◽  
Phuoc Thien Phan ◽  
Anthony Meng Huat Tiong ◽  
Muneaki Miyasaka ◽  
Soo Jay Phee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
External Magnet ◽  
Inflated Balloon ◽  
Term Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Established Treatment

AbstractIntragastric balloons (IGBs) are an established treatment option for obesity. Major barriers to dissemination of IGBs include lack of long-term efficacy outcomes, safety concerns, cost, and tolerability. We developed a novel ingestible magnetically inflated balloon capsule (IMI-BC) in hopes of overcoming these challenges. The IMI-BC is significantly cheaper than IGBs currently available on the market. We performed proof-of-concept animal studies and a first-in-human feasibility study to demonstrate the feasibility of inflating the IMI-BC using an external magnet. Further studies are currently being conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and long-term efficacy of the IMI-BC. When fully developed, we anticipate that this device will benefit obese patients.

scholarly journals Quantitative significance of measuring trimethylselenonium in urine for assessing chronically high intakes of selenium in human subjects

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Janghorbani ◽  
Y. Xia ◽  
P. Ha ◽  
P. D. Whanger ◽  
J. A. Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Breath Test ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Se Status

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Se restriction on the excretion of Se in men who had consumed high levels of this element during their entire lives. With the use of stable isotopes of Se as selenite, the excretion of methylated Se in urine was investigated in Chinese men (n 10) who had habitual chronic high intakes of this element. The relationship between either urine Se or trimethylselenonium (TMSe) to the estimated long-term Se intake was not linear over the entire range of intake, which was also true for the infusion of labelled selenite. A non-linear relationship was also found between urine TMSe and urine Se both for TMSe arising from catabolism of endogenous body Se and that from infused selenite. The data suggest a close precursor–product relationship of urine Se and its TMSe component based on the nearly identical specific activities for these two selenocompounds. Although dimethylselenide in breath was not measured in the present study, combining urinary TMSe with this breath test may be more useful in the assessment of long-term Se status.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

Risk Attitude and Corporate Investment under Output Market Uncertainty: Evidence from The Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Ninh Le Khuong ◽  
Nghiem Le Tan ◽  
Tho Huynh Huu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Firm Investment ◽  
Output Market ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to detect the impact of firm managers’ risk attitude on the relationship between the degree of output market uncertainty and firm investment. The findings show that there is a negative relationship between these two aspects for risk-averse managers while there is a positive relationship for risk-loving ones, since they have different utility functions. Based on the findings, this paper proposes recommendations for firm managers to take into account when making investment decisions and long-term business strategies as well.

Financial Folly and Spain’s Black Legend

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Black Legend ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
The Relationship

This epilogue argues that Castile was solvent throughout Philip II's reign. A complex web of contractual obligations designed to ensure repayment governed the relationship between the king and his bankers. The same contracts allowed great flexibility for both the Crown and bankers when liquidity was tight. The risk of potential defaults was not a surprise; their likelihood was priced into the loan contracts. As a consequence, virtually every banking family turned a profit over the long term, while the king benefited from their services to run the largest empire that had yet existed. The epilogue then looks at the economic history version of Spain's Black Legend. The economic history version of the Black Legend emerged from a combination of two narratives: a rich historical tradition analyzing the decline of Spain as an economic and military power from the seventeenth century onward, combined with new institutional analysis highlighting the unconstrained power of the monarch.

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