Sensory innervation of white adipose tissue

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. R942-R944 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Fishman ◽  
J. Dark
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Fluorescent Cell ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

The presumption that sensory information does not arise from white adipose tissue was reevaluated using the neuroanatomical tracer, "true blue." Fluorescent cell bodies were observed in dorsal root ganglia of rats after tracer was implanted into inguinal or dorsal subcutaneous fat depots. Sensory information from adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of regional and total body fat mass.

White adipose tissue sensory nerve denervation mimics lipectomy-induced compensatory increases in adiposity

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. R514-R520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifei Shi ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Lipid Stores ◽  
The Brain

The sensory innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is indicated by the labeling of sensory bipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion after retrograde dye placement into WAT. In addition, immunoreactivity (ir) for sensory-associated neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P in WAT pads also supports the notion of WAT sensory innervation. The function of this sensory innervation is unknown but could involve conveying the degree of adiposity to the brain. In tests of total body fat regulation, partial surgical lipectomy triggers compensatory increases in the mass of nonexcised WAT, ultimately resulting in restoration of total body fat levels in Siberian hamsters and other animals. The signal that triggers this compensation is unknown but could involve disruption of WAT sensory innervation that accompanies lipectomy. Therefore, a local and selective sensory denervation was accomplished by microinjecting the sensory nerve neurotoxin capsaicin bilaterally into epididymal WAT (EWAT) of Siberian hamsters, whereas controls received vehicle injections. Additional hamsters had bilateral EWAT lipectomy (EWATx) or sham lipectomy. As seen previously, EWATx resulted in significantly increased retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT) and inguinal WAT (IWAT) masses. Capsaicin treatment significantly decreased CGRP- but not tyrosine hydroxylase-ir, attesting to the diminished and selective sensory innervation. Capsaicin-treated hamsters also had increased RWAT and, to a lesser degree, IWAT mass largely mimicking the WAT mass increases seen after lipectomy. Collectively, these data suggest the possibility that information related to peripheral lipid stores may be conveyed to the brain via the sensory innervation of WAT.

Innervation of mammalian white adipose tissue: implications for the regulation of total body fat

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. R1399-R1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Bartness ◽  
Maryam Bamshad
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Total Body

We review the extensive physiological and neuroanatomical evidence for the innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as well as what is known about the sensory innervation of this tissue. The SNS innervation of WAT appears to be a part of the general SNS outflow from the central nervous system, consisting of structures and connections throughout the neural axis. The innervation of WAT by the SNS could play a role in the regulation of total body fat in general, most likely plays an important role in regional differences in lipid mobilization specifically, and may have a trophic affect on WAT. The exact nature of the SNS innervation of WAT is not known but it may involve contact with adipocytes and/or their associated vasculature. We hypothesize that the SNS innervation of WAT is an important contributor to the apparent “regulation” of total body fat.

Effects of white adipose tissue grafts on total body fat and cellularity are dependent on graft type and location

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. R380-R388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva L. Lacy ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Donor Graft ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Tissue Grafts ◽  
Autologous Grafts

Surgical removal of body fat (lipectomy) triggers compensatory increases in nonexcised white adipose tissue (WAT), thus restoring adiposity levels in many species, including Siberian hamsters. In Siberian hamsters, when their lipectomized WAT is transplanted to another site (autologous grafts, no net change in body fat), healthy grafts result, but the lipectomy-induced compensatory increases in nonexcised WAT masses are exaggerated, an effect that apparently occurs only when the grafts contact intact WAT. When WAT is added to nonlipectomized hamsters to increase body fat, native WAT pads do not decrease. Thus WAT addition or removal-replacement does not induce compensatory WAT responses consistent with total body fat regulation as does WAT subtraction. Therefore, we tested whether the exaggerated response to lipectomy occurring with autologous WAT transplantation is dependent on graft site placement and whether the donor graft source [inguinal or epididymal WAT (IWAT, EWAT), sibling vs. nonsibling] affected body fat responses to WAT additions in nonlipectomized hamsters. Lipectomized hamsters received subcutaneous autologous EWAT grafts placed remotely from other WAT (ventrum) or in contact with intact WAT (dorsum), whereas intact hamsters received EWAT or IWAT grafts from sibling or nonsibling donors. The exaggerated response to lipectomy only occurred when grafts were in contact with intact WAT. EWAT, but not IWAT, additions to nonlipectomized siblings or nonsiblings increased native IWAT and retroperitoneal WAT mass but not EWAT mass compared with controls. Collectively, WAT transplantation to either lipectomized or nonlipectomized hamsters increased body fat contingent on graft contact with intact or native WAT.

scholarly journals Egr1 loss-of-function promotes beige adipocyte differentiation and activation specifically in inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Bléher ◽  
Berbang Meshko ◽  
Isabelle Cacciapuoti ◽  
Rachel Gergondey ◽  
Yoann Kovacs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Beige Adipocyte ◽  
Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

Abstract In mice, exercise, cold exposure and fasting lead to the differentiation of inducible-brown adipocytes, called beige adipocytes, within white adipose tissue and have beneficial effects on fat burning and metabolism, through heat production. This browning process is associated with an increased expression of the key thermogenic mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, Ucp1. Egr1 transcription factor has been described as a regulator of white and beige differentiation programs, and Egr1 depletion is associated with a spontaneous increase of subcutaneous white adipose tissue browning, in absence of external stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that Egr1 mutant mice exhibit a restrained Ucp1 expression specifically increased in subcutaneous fat, resulting in a metabolic shift to a more brown-like, oxidative metabolism, which was not observed in other fat depots. In addition, Egr1 is necessary and sufficient to promote white and alter beige adipocyte differentiation of mouse stem cells. These results suggest that modulation of Egr1 expression could represent a promising therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and to restrain obesity-associated metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Egr1 loss-of-function promotes beige adipocyte differentiation and activation specifically in inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Bléher ◽  
Berbang Meshko ◽  
Rachel Gergondey ◽  
Yoann Kovacs ◽  
Delphine Duprez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Beige Adipocyte ◽  
Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

AbstractExercise, cold exposure and fasting lead to the differentiation of inducible-brown adipocytes, called beige adipocytes, within white adipose tissue and have beneficial effects on fat burning and metabolism, through heat production. This browning process is associated with an increased expression of the key thermogenic mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, Ucp1. Egr1 transcription factor has been described as a regulator of white and beige differentiation programs, and Egr1 depletion is associated with a spontaneous increase of subcutaneous white adipose tissue browning, in absence of external stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that Egr1 mutant mice exhibit a restrained Ucp1 expression specifically increased in subcutaneous fat, resulting in a metabolic shift to a more brown-like, oxidative metabolism, which was not observed in other fat depots. In addition, Egr1 is necessary and sufficient to promote white and alter beige adipocyte differentiation of mouse stem cells. These results suggest that modulation of Egr1 expression could represent a promising therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and to restrain obesity-associated metabolic disorders.

The effects of pregnancy, lactation and involution on the metabolism of glucose by rat parametrial adipose tissue

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

SummaryThe incorporation of 14C from [1-14C] and [6-14C]glucose into CO2, fatty acids and glycerol by rat parametrial adipose tissue was measured at intervals during pregnancy, lactation and involution. There were small increases in the incorporation of both the C-1 and C-6 atoms into CO2 and glycerol on the seventh and sixteenth days of pregnancy. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose was negligible on the twentieth day of pregnancy and during lactation. Three days after weaning the rate of oxidation of the C-1 atom was doubled and the incorporation of both carbon atoms into fatty acids was increased at least 20-fold. There were no changes in the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase during pregnancy and lactation, but 3 days after weaning the activities of both enzymes were doubled. These results are discussed in relation to other evidence that the total body fat is increased during pregnancy, and to the idea that the fat depots are mobilized during lactation.

Autologous fat transplants influence compensatory white adipose tissue mass increases after lipectomy

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. R61-R70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva L. Lacy ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Rats And Mice

Direct tests of the hypothesized total body fat regulatory system have been accomplished by partial surgical lipectomy. This usually results in the restoration of the lipid deficit through compensatory increases in nonexcised white adipose tissue (WAT) masses of ground squirrels, laboratory rats, and mice, as well as Siberian and Syrian hamsters. We challenged this hypothesized total body fat regulatory system by testing the response of Siberian hamsters to 1) lipid deficits [lipectomy; primarily bilateral epididymal WAT (EWAT) removal], 2) lipid surfeits (addition of donor EWAT with no lipectomy), 3) no net change in lipid [EWAT or inguinal WAT (IWAT) lipectomy with the excised fat replaced to a new location (autologous)], 4) lipectomy with the same pad (EWAT lipectomy only) added from a sibling (nonautologous), and 5) sham surgeries for each treatment. Food intake generally was not affected. Body mass was not affected across all treatments. Grafts ∼3 mo later had normal appearance both macro- and microscopically and were revascularized. The normal lipectomy-induced compensatory increases in nonexcised WAT masses surprisingly were exaggerated with autologous EWAT transplants, but not for autologous IWAT or nonautologous EWAT transplants. There was no compensatory decrease in native WAT masses with nonautologous EWAT additions. Collectively, only lipectomy triggered reparation of the lipid deficit, but the other manipulations did not, suggesting a system biased toward rectifying decreases in lipid or an inability of the hypothesized total body fat regulatory system to recognize WAT transplants.

scholarly journals Subcutaneous Fat Fibrosis Links Obesity to Insulin Resistance in Chinese Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 3194-3204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L Alba ◽  
Jeffrey A Farooq ◽  
Matthew Y C Lin ◽  
Anne L Schafer ◽  
John Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objective Type 2 diabetes presents at a lower body mass index (BMI) in Chinese individuals than in white individuals. We sought to determine the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT)–intrinsic factors, vs BMI or adiposity per se, in the vulnerability of Chinese individuals to obesity-associated impairment of insulin sensitivity. Research Design and Methods Thirty-two Chinese and 30 white men and women from a cohort in the San Francisco Bay Area underwent anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) analyses, and measurement of fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Forty-eight also provided abdominal SCAT samples for transcriptional and biochemical analyses of tissue fibrosis. Results BMI correlated with total body fat in white (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) but not Chinese individuals, whereas BMI correlated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accrual in both ethnicities (r = 0.88 and 0.81, respectively; P < 0.01). Insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) worsened with VAT mass, but not total body fat, in Chinese subjects (r = 0.63, P < 0.01), whereas it worsened with both in white individuals. By contrast, SCAT mRNA levels of genes encoding profibrotic proteins rose remarkably along with both BMI and VAT mass in Chinese but not white subjects. Similarly, SCAT levels of hydroxyproline, an indicator of tissue collagen content that correlated with increasing VAT mass, were higher in Chinese vs white subjects, particularly in the setting of relative insulin resistance. Conclusions Our findings dissociate BMI from adiposity in Chinese individuals and instead highlight SCAT fibrosis as a process linked to visceral adiposity and insulin resistance in this group.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 3. Fat partitioning

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTThe effect of castration on fat partitioning in mature animals and on the maturing patterns for fat depots relative to total body fat was examined using slaughter and dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. Animals were slaughtered at 6 kg intervals from 18 kg live weight to maturity. Five rams and eight wethers were classified as mature.In the mature animals the partitioning of fat differed for the rams and wethers in that the rams had a lower proportion of subcutaneous fat, and higher proportion of intermuscular and mesenteric fat than the wethers. However, the proportions of total carcass dissectible fat (i.e. subcutaneous plus intermuscular fat) and of the total non-carcass depots (i.e. kidney plus channel fat, omental, scrotal and thoracic fat) did not significantly differ between rams and wethers.The maturity coefficients of individual fat depots of rams and wethers were not significantly different and six of the nine depots were average maturing relative to total body fat. The intermuscular and thoracic fat depots were early maturing (maturity coeffient q= 1·19, 2·26 respectively), and the omental depot was late maturing (q= 0·52).Comparison of the partitioning of fat in rams and wethers reflected the differences in the mature animals when made at either the mean weight or at the mean stage of maturity, as the maturing patterns of most depots were not greatly different from that of total fat.

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